Epidemiology of Hip Fractures in G??teborg, Sweden, 1940???1983

Effect of sex and age on the ratio of cervical to trochanteric hip fracture: A meta-analysis of 16 reports on 36,451 cases

“…Several authors showed that the C/T ratio decreased with age in women (Jensen 1980, Falch et al 1985, Caniggia and Morreale 1989 and remained more constant in men. This is in agreement with results showing that women with a trochanteric fracture were older than those with a cervical fracture, while the reverse or no difference was found in men (Stewart 1955, Alffram 1964, Pogrund et al 1977, Nilsson and Obrant 1978, Bungay et al 1980, Zetterberg and Anderson 1982, Bohr and Schaadt 1983, Lawton et al 1983, Zetterberg et al 1984, Sattin el al. 1990).…”

“…Alffram (1964), Liithje (1983) and Zetterberg et al (1984) noted that the age-specific women/men ratio was higher in cervical than in trochanteric fractures; Alffram remarked that this "might indicate a sexlinked difference between the two types of fractures". Indeed, the sex difference in the incidence of cervical/trochanteric fracture (Cfl) had already been noted by Johansson (1934) and several authors have found that this ratio changes with age, more in women than in men (Jensen 1980, Zetterberg et al 1984, Falch et al 1985, Mannius et al 1987, Sembo et al 1988, Caniggia and Moneale 1989, Jamlo et al 1989). Realizing that "a clear understanding of fracture heterogeneity might lead to new hypotheses concerning etiology" (Melton and Cummings 1987), we report an analysis of the Cfl ratio based on 15 published studies and our own data.…”

Falls in Hip Fracture Patients: Relation between Fall Situations and ADL Capability before Injury

“…And as for the time of falling, most falls occurred in the daytime and during walking which agreed with our results [7,[9][10][11][12]14,16]. However, our study revealed more falls at doorways to the house, and most were caused by loss of balance, whereas in the literature, more patients fell by slipping or tripping.…”

“…In this paper, we investigated the fall situations of hip fracture patients in terms of time, place and activities at the moment of falling, and the causes of the fall. Although many investigations have been made about the fall events of hip fracture patients [1,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]], but few have described the situations surrounding the falls in detail [7,8]. Also, most of those studies were done in western countries, largely in Caucasian subjects, and few papers have been published about Asian patients.…”

“…This is actually quite different from the falls of general community dwellers, which occur mainly outside the house [3][4][5]. There have been several studies about the falls which lead to hip fracture but their situations have not been well investigated, and furthermore, most of the studies were done in Western countries [1,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Meanwhile, falls of generally healthy (or nearly healthy) old people have long been studied by many authors [3,5,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30].…”