Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus infection in animals in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Modiyinji, Abdou Fatawou; Bigna, Jean Joël; Kenmoe, Sébastien; Simo, Fredy Brice N.; Amougou, Marie Atsama; Ndangang, Marie S.; Nola, Moı̈se; Njouom, Richard

doi:10.1186/s12917-021-02749-5

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 69 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…The viral infection is especially prevalent in Asia and Africa [18,19]. In Africa, high number of HEV infection cases has been documented last year in animals with HEV genotypes closer to those infecting humans, where some animals may act as virus reservoirs suggesting the possibility of zoonotic transmission [20]. In developed countries, the HEV cases have been increased recently mainly owing to the consumption of undercooked meat, and is a silent threat which need much epidemiological investigations and appropriate mitigation strategies to be adopted [18,21,22].…”

Section: Figure 1 Orthohepevirus a Genotypes And Hostsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis E virus in pigs and the environment: An updated review of public health concerns

Ahmad¹,

Jin²,

Dhama³

et al. 2022

Narra J

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important public health problem and is responsible for both acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Public health implications of HEV are derived from its transmission route, either water-borne or food-borne, and its zoonotic potential. Not only in developing countries, but HEV cases are also found in a high number in developed countries. The spread of HEV to the environment might pollute surface waters, which could act as the source of infection for both humans and animals. Identification of the virus in animal products suggests the circulation of HEV within water and food chains. High seroprevalence and circulation of HEV in livestock, in particular pigs, as well as in environmental samples warrants further investigation into pig markets. HEV virulence in different environments and meat supply chains could shed light on the possible sources of infection in humans and the degree of occupational risk. The purpose of this review is to discuss HEV infections with an emphasis on livestock- and environment-related risk factors, and food-borne, water-borne, and zoonotic transmissions.

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Section: Figure 1 Orthohepevirus a Genotypes And Hostsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis E virus in pigs and the environment: An updated review of public health concerns

Ahmad¹,

Jin²,

Dhama³

et al. 2022

Narra J

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“…A systematic review conducted only in Brazil collected and analysed data on HEV in humans, animals, and the environment from a One Health perspective indicating that HEV-3 is widespread in the country, and sanitary surveillance is essential in the national production of pigs (Moraes et al, 2021). Modiyinji et al conducted a systematic review on the prevalence of HEV in animals in Africa, highlighting that some animals could be the reservoir of HEV, and suggesting the need of molecular epidemiological studies for investigating zoonotic transmission (Modiyinji et al, 2021). Narrative reviews have addressed the occurrence of HEV in food and aquatic systems (Treagus et al, 2021) but no systematic review has yet addressed the prevalence of HEV in water environments, despite several studies on different water matrices have been carried out in different regions of the world, in both developed and developing countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis E Virus in Water Environments: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

et al. 2022

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is responsible for acute hepatitis in humans, through foodborne, zoonotic, and waterborne transmission routes. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of HEV in water matrices. Six categories were defined: untreated and treated wastewater, surface water (river, lake, and seawater), drinking water, groundwater, and other water environments (irrigation water, grey water, reservoir water, flood water, and effluent of pig slaughterhouse). We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Global Index Medicus, and Excerpta Medica Database. Study selection and data extraction were performed by at least two independent investigators. Heterogeneity (I2) was assessed using the χ2 test on the Cochran Q statistic and H parameter. Sources of heterogeneity were explored by subgroup analysis. This study is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42021289116. We included 87 prevalence studies from 58 papers, 66.4% of which performed in Europe. The overall prevalence of HEV in water was 9.8% (95% CI 6.4–13.7). The prevalence was higher in untreated wastewater (15.1%) and lower in treated wastewater (3.8%) and in drinking water (4.7%). In surface water, prevalence was 7.4%, and in groundwater, the percentage of positive samples, from only one study available, was 8.3%. Overall, only 36.8% of the studies reported the genotype of HEV, with genotype 3 (HEV-3) prevalent (168 samples), followed by HEV-1 (148 sample), and HEV-4 (2 samples). High-income countries were the most represented with 59/87 studies (67.8%), while only 3/87 (3.5%) of the studies were performed in low-income countries. The overall prevalence obtained of this study was generally higher in industrialized countries. Risk of bias was low in 14.9% of the studies and moderate in 85.1%. The results of this review showed the occurrence of HEV in different waters environments also in industrialized countries with sanitation and safe water supplies. While HEV transmission to humans through water has been widely demonstrated in developing countries, it is an issue still pending in industrialized countries. Better knowledge on the source of pollution, occurrence, survival in water, and removal by water treatment is needed to unravel this transmission path. Graphical Abstract

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