Epidemiology of Heart Failure

Abstract

Designated as an emerging epidemic in 1997, heart failure (HF) remains a major clinical and public health problem. This review focuses on the most recent studies identified by searching the Medline database for publications with the subject headings HF, epidemiology, prevalence, incidence, trends between 2010 and present. Publications relevant to epidemiology and population sciences were retained for discussion in this review after reviewing abstracts for relevance to these topics. Studies of the epidemiology of HF over the past decade have improved our understanding of the HF syndrome and of its complexity. Data suggest that the incidence of HF is mostly flat or declining but that the burden of mortality and hospitalization remains mostly unabated despite significant ongoing efforts to treat and manage HF. The evolution of the case mix of HF continues to be characterized by an increasing proportion of cases with preserved ejection fraction, for which established effective treatments are mostly lacking. Major disparities in the occurrence, presentation, and outcome of HF persist particularly among younger Black men and women. These disturbing trends reflect the complexity of the HF syndrome, the insufficient mechanistic understanding of its various manifestations and presentations and the challenges of its management as a chronic disease, often integrated within a context of aging and multimorbidity. Emerging risk factors including omics science offer the promise of discovering new mechanistic pathways that lead to HF. Holistic management approaches must recognize HF as a syndemic and foster the implementation of multidisciplinary approaches to address major contributors to the persisting burden of HF including multimorbidity, aging, and social determinants of health.

p63 silencing induces epigenetic modulation to enhance human cardiac fibroblast to cardiomyocyte-like differentiation

“…Direct cardiac reprogramming represents a novel strategy whereby resident cardiac fibroblasts in areas of myocardial infarction or fibrosis can be transdifferentiated into functional cardiomyocyte-like cells that can in turn enhance myocardial contractile function 1 – 3 . We and others have previously reported that the administration of various combinations of cardio-differentiation transcription factors and chemical compounds can effectively induce the reprogramming of cardiac fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocyte-like cells termed induced cardiomyocytes (iCMs) 8 – 10 , 27 – 29 , 32 , 33 .…”

“…Congestive heart failure typically occurring as a result of myocardial infarction remains the leading cause of mortality from cardiovascular disease 1 – 3 . Direct cellular reprogramming represents a novel strategy whereby resident cardiac fibroblasts in areas of myocardial infarction or fibrosis can be transdifferentiated into functional cardiomyocyte-like cells (iCMs) that can in turn enhance myocardial contractile function 4 – 7 .…”

The Art of Reprogramming for Regenerative Medicine

“…Heart failure is one of the most serious diseases that threaten human life in the modern era, affecting more than 14 million people worldwide ( Laflamme and Murry, 2011 ; Qian et al, 2012 ; Arrigo et al, 2020 ; Roger, 2021 ; Savarese et al, 2022 ). About 1/4 cardiomyocytes (CMs) dysfunction a few hours after a myocardial infarction in the human left ventricle, but the left ventricle resident cardiomyocytes have little capability of proliferation after birth ( Murry et al, 2006 ).…”

Physiologic Data-Driven Iterative Learning Control for Left Ventricular Assist Devices

“…The prevalence of advanced heart failure (HF), a complex heart syndrome that has long been associated with significant mortality and morbidity rates, has been continuously rising worldwide over the last decades (1)(2)(3). For the afflicted patients who account for approximately 1-2% of the general adult population, (3) heart transplantation (HT) is considered the gold standard therapy; however, despite the increased number of heart transplantations performed yearly, the number of recipients continues to significantly outpace the supply of donors (4).…”