Epidemiology of Functional Dyspepsia and Subgroups in the Italian General Population: An Endoscopic Study

Cigarette Smoking and its Association with Overlapping Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Functional Dyspepsia, or Irritable Bowel Syndrome

“…Previous epidemiological findings concerning the associations between smoking habit and GERD, FD, or IBS have been inconclusive (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26). Several studies have shown that smoking is significantly associated with GERD (10-13), uninvestigated dyspepsia (14-16), postprandial distress syndrome (a subtype of FD) (17,18), and IBS (19,20), especially, in female IBD (21) and diarrhea-predominant IBS (22). However, other studies have failed to show positive associations between smoking habits and GERD (23), FD (24), and IBS (25,26).…”

“…Therefore, physicians should pay attention to the overlapping of functional GI disorders. There are several studies concerning risk factors associated with GERD, FD, or IBS (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26). Our previous study showed that smoking and drinking habits were associated with GERD (13); female gender, low body mass index (BMI), smoking and drinking habits with FD (18); younger age, female gender, low BMI and presence of allergic diseases with IBS (22).…”

Functional Dyspepsia

“…18,22 Gastric accommodation failure is also linked to transient The Venn diagrams show the degree of overlap between patients with functional dyspepsia who present with the postprandial distress syndrome and those who present with the epigastric pain syndrome. A total of 114 patients with functional dyspepsia were included in a community-based study 25 (Panel A), and 482 were included in a study conducted in a referral population 7 (Panel B). …”

“…Subsequent community-based cross-sectional surveys, which showed good separation between these two subgroups, support this approach. 25 Studies in referral populations are less convincing, however, with a greater degree of overlap evident between the epigastric pain syndrome and the postprandial distress syndrome (Fig. 1).…”

Minimal differences in prevalence and spectrum of organic disease at upper gastrointestinal endoscopy between selected secondary care patients with symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux or dyspepsia

“…However, previous studies conducted in such a setting, [29,30] as well as a metaanalysis that has examined this issue, [7] have suggested that this is not the case. These findings are echoed by a study conducted in primary care, where patients were referred with upper GI symptoms, as well as a provisional diagnosis from their general practitioner.…”