Epidemiology of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs)-Producing Bacteria in Different Regions in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Recently, a number of Saudi studies have indicated the emergence of a new genetic mutation in gram-negative bacteria (GNB) strains, particularly in extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing isolates, which accounts for about 8% to 38% of the total GNBs detected at Saudi hospitals. ESBLs are enzymes identified in GNB and have ability to resist beta lactam antimicrobial agents by breaking down the lactam ring. To ensure the objectiveness of this study, this paper presents most of the published studies on ESBL infection in Saudi Arabia (available online). ESBLproducing bacteria were detected using disk diffusion methods, dilution methods, double-disc synergy test, E-test strip and molecular detection methods. Risk factors contributing to the spread of