Epidemiology of Dermatophytoses in Switzerland According to a Survey of Dermatophytes Isolated in Lausanne between 2001 and 2018

Bontems, Olympia; Fratti, Marina; Salamin, Karine; Guenova, Emmanuella; Monod, Michel

doi:10.3390/jof6020095

Cited by 29 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Of these, the first seven are known to cause more infections in animals and/or humans. 26,[51][52][53][54] In recent years, there has been an upsurge in the frequency of infection of skin as well as its appendages by non-dermatophyte moulds and yeasts. This can be attributed to the emergence of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, and decline in host immune defence mechanisms by diverse underlying diseases.…”

Section: Ae Ti Olog I C Al Ag Ents For Superfi Cial Mycos E Smentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As discussed earlier, at present, nine species of dermatophytes are reported namely Epidermophyton , Trichophyton , Microsporum , Arthroderma , Nannizzia , Ctenomyces , Lophophyton , Guarromyces and Paraphyton . Of these, the first seven are known to cause more infections in animals and/or humans 26,51‐54 . In recent years, there has been an upsurge in the frequency of infection of skin as well as its appendages by non‐dermatophyte moulds and yeasts.…”

Section: Aetiological Agents For Superficial Mycosesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Superficial mycoses, a matter of concern: Global and Indian scenario‐an updated analysis

Sharma

Nonzom

2021

Mycoses

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Superficial mycoses are the fungal infections restricted to the outermost non-living layers of the skin and its appendages viz., hair and nails. Their prevalence rate has been reported to be 20%-25% 1 and vary with respect to occupational groups, gender, age group, etc. These infections are more common in tropical as well as subtropical countries where heat, humidity and other favourable conditions aid in their acquisition and maintenance. Although superficial mycotic infections are usually limited to the skin and mucous membranes, these infections are hardly life-threatening but they have importance because of their worldwide distribution, morbidity and transmission from one person/animal to another.Over the last decades, it has been observed that an increasing number of non-dermatophytic fungi, like, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Curvularia, Fusarium, Penicillium, Scopulariopsis and Trichosporon, have also emerged as causal agents of superficial mycoses in humans, producing almost clinically similar lesions as caused by dermatophytes. 2,3 Although both dermatophytes and non-dermatophytes have been known to cause superficial mycoses all over the world, their incidence, distribution, prevalence, epidemiology, clinical manifestation and target hosts may vary from region to region. 4,5 In this review, more emphasis has been provided on information related to skin and hair infections.

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Section: Ae Ti Olog I C Al Ag Ents For Superfi Cial Mycos E Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Aetiological Agents For Superficial Mycosesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Superficial mycoses, a matter of concern: Global and Indian scenario‐an updated analysis

Sharma

Nonzom

2021

Mycoses

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Although treatment is available, there are increasing reports of antifungal resistance and tolerance in dermatophytes [ 33 , 94 ]. Trichophyton rubrum is the most predominant dermatophyte species and is the most recurrently described in resistance to standard treatments, followed by T. interdigitale [ 19 ]. Long-term and discontinuing treatments may lead to recalcitrant infections, thus favoring the acquisition of resistance.…”

Section: Treatment Clinical Implications and Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tinea capitis, commonly reported in school-age children, is mostly caused by Microsporum canis , Trichophyton tonsurans , Trichophyton violaceum , Trichophyton soudanense , and Microsporum audouinii [ 17 , 18 ]. An epidemiological survey of dermatophytosis in Switzerland from 2001 to 2018 revealed that the main etiological agents isolated from cases of tinea pedis and unguium were T. rubrum and T. interdigitale [ 19 ]. Trichophyton violaceum, T. soudanense, and T. tonsurans were mainly isolated from patients with tinea capitis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

State-of-the-Art Dermatophyte Infections: Epidemiology Aspects, Pathophysiology, and Resistance Mechanisms

Martinez-Rossi

Peres

Bitencourt

et al. 2021

JoF

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The burden of fungal infections is not widely appreciated. Although these infections are responsible for over one million deaths annually, it is estimated that one billion people are affected by severe fungal diseases. Mycoses of nails and skin, primarily caused by fungi known as dermatophytes, are the most common fungal infections. Trichophyton rubrum appears to be the most common causative agent of dermatophytosis, followed by Trichophyton interdigitale. An estimated 25% of the world’s population suffers from dermatomycosis. Although these infections are not lethal, they compromise the quality of life of infected patients. The outcome of antidermatophytic treatments is impaired by various conditions, such as resistance and tolerance of certain dermatophyte strains. The adage “know your enemy” must be the focus of fungal research. There is an urgent need to increase awareness about the significance of these infections with precise epidemiological data and to improve knowledge regarding fungal biology and pathogenesis, with an emphasis on adaptive mechanisms to tackle adverse conditions from host counteractions. This review outlines the current knowledge about dermatophyte infections, with a focus on signaling pathways required for fungal infection establishment and a broad perspective on cellular and molecular factors involved in antifungal resistance and tolerance.

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“…Indeed, a biological characteristic of dermatophytes is their ability to invade keratin-rich tissues by producing enzymes [3]. Trichophyton rubrum is the commonest causative agent with a diagnosis frequency comparable to the state of a global epidemic [4]. However, the incidence of infections caused by zoophilic dermatophytes T. mentagrophytes [2,5,6] and less common T. verrucosum is increasing in some parts of the world [7][8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of ERG gene expression in fluconazole-resistant human and animal isolates of Trichophyton verrucosum

et al. 2021

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Dermatophytes are a group of eukaryotic microorganisms characterized by high capacity to colonize keratinized structures such as the skin, hair, and nails. Over the past years, the incidence of infections caused by zoophilic species, e.g., Trichophyton verrucosum, has been increasing in some parts of the world, especially in Europe. Moreover, the emergence of recalcitrant dermatophytoses and in vitro resistant dermatophytes has become a cause of concern worldwide. Here, we analyzed the mechanisms underlying resistance to fluconazole among clinical isolates of T. verrucosum. Quantitative RT-PCR was carried out to determine the relative expression levels of mRNA transcripts of ERG3, ERG6, and ERG11 genes in the fungal samples using the housekeeping gene GAPDH as a reference. Our results showed that the upregulation of the ERG gene expression is a possible mechanism of resistance to fluconazole in this species. Furthermore, ERG11 is the most statistically significantly overexpressed gene in the pool of fluconazole-resistant T. verrucosum isolates. Additionally, we have demonstrated that exposure to fluconazole increases the levels of expression of ERG genes in fluconazole-resistant isolates of T. verrucosum. In conclusion, this study has shown one of the possible mechanisms of resistance to fluconazole among zoophilic dermatophytes, which involves the maintenance of high levels of expression of ERG genes after drug exposure.

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Epidemiology of Dermatophytoses in Switzerland According to a Survey of Dermatophytes Isolated in Lausanne between 2001 and 2018

Cited by 29 publications

References 32 publications

Superficial mycoses, a matter of concern: Global and Indian scenario‐an updated analysis

Superficial mycoses, a matter of concern: Global and Indian scenario‐an updated analysis

State-of-the-Art Dermatophyte Infections: Epidemiology Aspects, Pathophysiology, and Resistance Mechanisms

Modulation of ERG gene expression in fluconazole-resistant human and animal isolates of Trichophyton verrucosum

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