Epidemiology of cryptosporidium in pediatric diarrheal illnesses

Dabas, Aashima; Shah, Dheeraj; Bhatnagar, Shinjini; Lodha, Rakesh

doi:10.1007/s13312-017-1093-3

Cited by 16 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…Moreover, being malnourished would PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES mean that the immune system would not adequately protect the child from an opportunistic infection-by Cryptosporidium spp. [33][34][35]. Unfortunately, our cross-sectional study design does not allow us to answer the bi-directional relation between Cryptosporidium spp.…”

Section: Plos Neglected Tropical Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Intestinal protozoan infections among children 0-168 months with diarrhea in Mozambique: June 2014 - January 2018

et al. 2020

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Background Intestinal parasites such as Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica can cause severe diarrhea, especially among children in developing countries. This study aims to determine the frequency of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica in children with diarrhea and identify risk factors for infection. Methodology We conducted a cross-sectional study in children aged 0-168 months hospitalized with diarrhea in three regions of Mozambique, from June 2014 to January 2018. Following consent, caretakers were interviewed and a single stool specimen was collected from each child to diagnose Cryptosporidium spp., G. lamblia and E. histolytica using commercial immuneenzymatic assay (TechLab, Inc, Blacksburg, VA, USA). Anthropometric data were collected from the clinical reports. Multivariable logistic regression models were built to identify risk factors for Cryptosporidium spp. and G. lamblia infection. Results Twenty-one percent of all specimens (212/1008) presented at least one parasitic infection. Cryptosporidium spp. infection was the most common 12.0% (118/985), followed by G. lamblia 9.7% (95/983) and E. histolytica 2.0% (20/1004). Risk factors for infection by Cryptosporidium spp. were: provenience (children from Nampula province showed the highest risk, OR: 8.176; CI: 1.916-34.894; p-value < 0.01); animal contact (children with animal contact PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES

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Section: Plos Neglected Tropical Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Intestinal protozoan infections among children 0-168 months with diarrhea in Mozambique: June 2014 - January 2018

et al. 2020

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“…Although outbreaks of Cryptosporidium in developed countries have been studied in detail, less is known about risk factors for cryptosporidiosis in countries where it is endemic [ 10 ]. Reviews of risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection identified malnutrition, contact with domestic animals, non-exclusive breastfeeding in infants, lack of sanitation facilities, and crowded living conditions as possible risk factors for infection in low- and middle-income countries [ 13 , 14 ]. Few studies have examined risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in Kenyan children [ 15 – 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical, environmental, and behavioral characteristics associated with Cryptosporidium infection among children with moderate-to-severe diarrhea in rural western Kenya, 2008–2012: The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS)

et al. 2018

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BackgroundCryptosporidium is a leading cause of moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) in young children in Africa. We examined factors associated with Cryptosporidium infection in MSD cases enrolled at the rural western Kenya Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) site from 2008-2012.Methodology/Principal findingsAt health facility enrollment, stool samples were tested for enteric pathogens and data on clinical, environmental, and behavioral characteristics collected. Each child’s health status was recorded at 60-day follow-up. Data were analyzed using logistic regression. Of the 1,778 children with MSD enrolled as cases in the GEMS-Kenya case-control study, 11% had Cryptosporidium detected in stool by enzyme immunoassay; in a genotyped subset, 81% were C. hominis. Among MSD cases, being an infant, having mucus in stool, and having prolonged/persistent duration diarrhea were associated with being Cryptosporidium-positive. Both boiling drinking water and using rainwater as the main drinking water source were protective factors for being Cryptosporidium-positive. At follow-up, Cryptosporidium-positive cases had increased odds of being stunted (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.06–2.57), underweight (aOR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.34–3.22), or wasted (aOR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.21–3.43), and had significantly larger negative changes in height- and weight-for-age z-scores from enrollment.Conclusions/SignificanceCryptosporidium contributes significantly to diarrheal illness in young children in western Kenya. Advances in point of care detection, prevention/control approaches, effective water treatment technologies, and clinical management options for children with cryptosporidiosis are needed.

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“…Other studies, however, found a positive association between vomiting and cryptosporidiosis [9] [12]. The lack of distinguishable clinical signs or symptoms of cryptosporidiosis in Kibera slums suggests that a detailed examination and screening for this infection should be performed especially in endemic areas [14].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Trend of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> Infection among Children below 24 Months in an Informal Urban Settlement, Kenya

Mutai¹,

Owili²,

Muga³

2020

OJMM

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Cryptosporidium infection is estimated to cause 2.9 million diarrheal cases yearly among children aged under 24 months in sub-Saharan Africa. Studies have shown long-term climatic variations can affect infectious diseases. The burden of cryptosporidiosis in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa is well characterized. However, the trend of Cryptosporidium infection is not known, especially in informal urban settings. This study therefore sought to determine cryptosporidiosis trends, and further explore the association between year and Cryptosporidium infection among children below 24 months in Kibera urban informal settlement in Kenya. Data collected by the Kenya Medical Research Institute longitudinal study in Tabitha clinic in Kibera from 2009 to 2015 were used. At least 3000 children aged < 24 months receive free health care at the clinic. In the longitudinal study, children presenting with diarrhea were eligible for stool sample collection (n = 477), out of which 421 stool samples were tested using TaqMan TM Array Card (TAC) polymerase chain reaction panel that included a target for Cryptosporidium genus. Data for the 421 children were included in the analysis. Logistic regression was used to explore the difference between the seven years and cryptosporidiosis. Overall, the pooled data indicated that 23.5% of the children who were tested had Cryptosporidium infection, with the highest proportions of Cryptosporidium-positive cases observed in 2015 (45.2%). The logistic regression results also indicated that children who were tested in the year 2015 were more likely to have Cryptosporidium infection (OR = 3.39; 95% CI: 1.44-7.96; p = 0.005) than those in 2009. Watery stool was also found to be an important symptom of cryptosporidiosis. There was a high prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection among young children, especially in the most recent year. Routine testing of Cryptosporidium infection using molecular methods, constant moni-How to cite this paper: Mutai, D.C., Owili, P.O. and Muga, M.A. (2020) Trend of Cryptosporidium Infection among Children below 24 Months in an Informal Urban Settlement,

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Epidemiology of cryptosporidium in pediatric diarrheal illnesses

Abstract: The high positivity rates during both acute and persistent diarrhea highlights the need to suspect this infection even in immunocompetent children.

Cited by 16 publications

References 107 publications

Intestinal protozoan infections among children 0-168 months with diarrhea in Mozambique: June 2014 - January 2018

Intestinal protozoan infections among children 0-168 months with diarrhea in Mozambique: June 2014 - January 2018

Clinical, environmental, and behavioral characteristics associated with Cryptosporidium infection among children with moderate-to-severe diarrhea in rural western Kenya, 2008–2012: The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS)

Trend of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> Infection among Children below 24 Months in an Informal Urban Settlement, Kenya

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Epidemiology of cryptosporidium in pediatric diarrheal illnesses

Abstract: The high positivity rates during both acute and persistent diarrhea highlights the need to suspect this infection even in immunocompetent children.

Cited by 16 publications

References 107 publications

Intestinal protozoan infections among children 0-168 months with diarrhea in Mozambique: June 2014 - January 2018

Intestinal protozoan infections among children 0-168 months with diarrhea in Mozambique: June 2014 - January 2018

Clinical, environmental, and behavioral characteristics associated with Cryptosporidium infection among children with moderate-to-severe diarrhea in rural western Kenya, 2008–2012: The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS)

Trend of &lt;i&gt;Cryptosporidium&lt;/i&gt; Infection among Children below 24 Months in an Informal Urban Settlement, Kenya

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Trend of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> Infection among Children below 24 Months in an Informal Urban Settlement, Kenya