Epidemiology of COVID-19 infection in young children under five years: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Bhuiyan, Mejbah; Stiboy, Eunice; Hassan, Md. Zakiul; Chan, Mei Yen; Islam, Md. Saiful; Haider, Najmul; Jaffé, Adam; Homaira, Nusrat

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.078

Cited by 175 publications

(224 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…This latter aspect is likely related to the common vitamin D supplementation, in this age group, for osteoporosis prevention (Figure 3). As a further confirmation of this hypothesis, the first wave lockdown corresponds to the period in which vitamin D values are lacking among the young subjects (0-20 years), as reported in Figures 2 and 3, who were only marginally involved in the epidemic [36].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Changes in 25-(OH) Vitamin D Levels during the SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak: Lockdown-Related Effects and First-to-Second Wave Difference—An Observational Study from Northern Italy

Locatelli¹,

Faraldi

Lombardi

2021

Biology

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Background. We investigated the changes in 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25-(OH)D] concentrations values, during the first and the second pandemic waves and the impact of the lockdown periods, with their different approaches to home confinement, among different age groups. Methods. Daily cloud-modified vitamin D UV dose (UVDVC), for the area of interest (Milano, Italy), was obtained. Single-center 25-(OH)D determinations from 40,996 individuals in a 2019 (pre-pandemic), 32,355 individuals from 1 January to 31 August 2020 (containing the first pandemic wave) and 27,684 individuals from 1 June to 30 November 2020 (containing the second wave) were compared to investigate both the effect of the lockdown on vitamin D status and the association between 25-(OH)D and SARS-CoV-2 positivity. Results. No direct association was found between UVDVC, 25-(OH)D status and SARS-CoV-2 infection. The stringent confinement implemented during the first wave lockdown has not had any effect on 25-(OH)D status, although some peculiar time-restricted profile behaviors can be deduced, possibly due to vitamin D supplementation habits and features of those patients who presented to the hospital during the lockdown period. Conclusions. Although our data do not suggest any direct relationship between 25-(OH)D status, sun exposure, and SARS-CoV-2 infection, an indirect protective role cannot be excluded.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Changes in 25-(OH) Vitamin D Levels during the SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak: Lockdown-Related Effects and First-to-Second Wave Difference—An Observational Study from Northern Italy

Locatelli¹,

Faraldi

Lombardi

2021

Biology

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“…The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted March 12, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.09.21253241 doi: medRxiv preprint determine the degree of protection conferred by these IgA anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. At the present time, our findings suggest that lactating individuals who receive vaccination should continue to breastfeed and chestfeed their infants in order to ensure transfer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA antibodies to their baby that may potentially protect against COVID-19, important even during infancy 15 . Health care providers should continue to encourage lactating individuals to breastfeed and chestfeed their infant during and following COVID-19 vaccination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination in Lactation: Assessment of adverse events and vaccine related antibodies in mother-infant dyads

Golan

Prahl

Cassidy

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Importance: Data regarding efficacy and safety of anti-COVID-19 mRNA vaccines during lactation is needed to address vaccination guidelines, ease vaccine hesitancy concerns, and inform public health strategies for this population. Objective: To determine whether anti-COVID-19 mRNA-based vaccines administered during lactation illicit an immune response or the transfer of anti-SARS-CoV2 antibodies into human milk. Design: Plasma and milk samples were collected from a prospective cohort of lactating individuals who received the mRNA-based vaccines for COVID-19 and from individuals who recovered from COVID-19 infection. Setting: Ambulatory or during postpartum hospitalization. Participants: We report results from lactating participants who received the mRNA-1273 (Moderna, n=9) or the BNT162b2 (Pfizer, n=14) vaccine or recovered from natural SARS-CoV-2 infection (n=3). Interventions and Exposures: Anti-COVID-19 mRNA vaccination (BNT-162b2 and mRNA-1273) or natural SARS-CoV-2 infection. Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s): Plasma and milk samples were collected from lactating individuals before first vaccine dose, on the day of the second dose, and 4 weeks after the second dose. Maternal plasma was evaluated for vaccine-derived IgM and IgG antibodies. Human milk was evaluated by ELISA for vaccine-induced IgA antibodies specific for SARS-CoV-2. Results: Twenty-three lactating individuals were recruited for this study. Levels of IgG and IgM were significantly increased in plasma samples on the day of the second vaccine dose (post vaccine 1), when compared to pre-vaccine samples. In addition, plasma IgG levels 4 weeks after second vaccine dose were significantly higher than plasma IgG levels pre-vaccine or on the day of the second dose. In addition, our results show transfer of anti-SARS-CoV2-Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) IgA antibodies to human milk, 3-4 weeks after each dose of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines (BNT-162b2 and mRNA-1273). The levels of anti-SARS-CoV2-RBD IgA antibody in milk of vaccinated individuals were not significantly different from levels among participants who experienced SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusions and Relevance: Administration of anti-COVID-19 mRNA vaccines during lactation leads to increased anti-SARS-CoV2 IgM and IgG levels in the plasma of lactating mothers and increased anti-SARS-CoV2-RBD IgA levels in human milk. Lactating women who receive the vaccine should continue breastfeeding their infant human milk to allow continuing transfer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA antibodies to the neonate. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the effect of these vaccines on lactation outcomes and infant health.

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“…Cases of children testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 have since risen in the same way as observed following the reopening of schools in September 2020. 12 These observations suggest that children and young adolescents are likely to transmit SARS-CoV-2 within the school setting, their household and the general population, strengthening the need to include them in vaccination programmes.…”

Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Understanding COVID-19: are children the key?

Warner

Richter

Stamataki

et al. 2021

bmjpo

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The devastating impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global health and economic stability is immeasurable. The situation is dynamic and fast-evolving, with the world facing new variants of concern which may have immune escape potential. With threatened treatment and preventative strategies at stake, and the prospect of reinfection prolonging the pandemic, it is more crucial than ever to understand the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which intriguingly disproportionately affects adults and the elderly. Children infected with SARS-CoV-2 remain largely asymptomatic or undergo a transient mild illness. Understanding why children have a milder phenotype and a significant survival advantage may help identify modifiable risk factors in adults. Current evidence suggests adults with COVID-19 show variability in innate and adaptive immune responses, which result in uncontrolled proinflammatory cytokine production in some patients, leading to severe disease and mortality. Children with acute COVID-19 infection seldom progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome and are less likely to exhibit the cytokine storm which is so prominent in adults. Even with the Kawasaki-like illness, a hyperinflammation syndrome also known as paediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2, mortality is low. The key to successfully combating SARS-CoV-2 and future zoonotic pandemics may lie in understanding these critical differences and merits focused consideration and research. The impact of community transmission among asymptomatic children is unknown; sustained global decline in infection rates and control of the COVID-19 pandemic may not be achieved until vaccination of children occurs. In this review, we discuss the fundamental differences in the immune response between children and adults in the fight against SARS-CoV-2.

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Epidemiology of COVID-19 infection in young children under five years: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 175 publications

References 71 publications

Changes in 25-(OH) Vitamin D Levels during the SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak: Lockdown-Related Effects and First-to-Second Wave Difference—An Observational Study from Northern Italy

Changes in 25-(OH) Vitamin D Levels during the SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak: Lockdown-Related Effects and First-to-Second Wave Difference—An Observational Study from Northern Italy

COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination in Lactation: Assessment of adverse events and vaccine related antibodies in mother-infant dyads

Understanding COVID-19: are children the key?

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