Epidemiology of blood-borne viral infections in Afghanistan

Husseini, Abbas Ali; Saeed, Khwaja Mir Islam; Yurdcu, Esra; Sertöz, Rüçhan; Bozdayı, A. Mithat

doi:10.1007/s00705-019-04285-y

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…42 of anti-HD in Afghanistan was only 2.1% in the general HBsAg-positive population. 79 Hot-spots have been reported in Vietnam 80 and Yakutia, 81 and hepatitis D remains an important medical issue in Pakistan, 82 where 30-50% of HBsAgpositive patients are seropositive in a large but well defined area in the middle of the country, socalled the "Delta belt"; countrywide, the HDV RNA positivity rate was 28% in 2011 in HBV viraemic patients 83 and anti-HD was found in 28.1% of HBsAg-positive patients in Karachi in 2007-2011. 84 The information on HDV from other countries in Africa comes from a single or few regional studies [85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100] (Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The changing context of hepatitis D

Rizzetto

Salehiniya

Negro

2021

Journal of Hepatology

102

117

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The global epidemiology of hepatitis D is changing with the widespread implementation of vaccination against hepatitis B. In high-income countries that achieved optimal control of HBV, the epidemiology of hepatitis D is dual, consisting of an ageing cohort of domestic patients with advanced liver fibrosis who represent the end stage of the natural history of HDV, and of a younger generation of immigrants from endemic countries who account for the majority of new infections. As observed in Europe in the 1980s, the distinctive clinical characteristic of chronic hepatitis D in endemic countries is the accelerated progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite some recent progress, the therapeutic management of HDV remains unsatisfactory, as most patients are not cured of HDV with currently available medicines. This review article describes the current epidemiology and clinical features of chronic hepatitis D, based on the literature published in the last 10 years.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

The changing context of hepatitis D

Rizzetto

Salehiniya

Negro

2021

Journal of Hepatology

102

117

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“…Thus, there is no data available regarding this infection. However, a study by Husseini et al investigating the prevalence of blood-borne viral infections among the general population in Afghanistan reported that the frequency of HTLV-1/2 was about 0.6%, although they suggested further monitoring HTLV-1/2 in Afghanistan to confirm their observation [24]. Studying the prevalence of blood-borne viruses among haemophilia patients in Afghanistan demonstrated that none were positive for HTLV-1 infection [25].…”

Section: Plos Global Public Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immigrating and vicinity are not risk factors in the prevalence and transmission rate of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1: A Survey in an endemic region of Iran and Afghan refugees

Mahdifar

Akbari-Eidgahi²,

Mosavat³

et al. 2023

PLOS Glob Public Health

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Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus associated with two life-threatening diseases; HAM/TSP and ATLL. Due to the slow-growing HTLV-1 infection worldwide, WHO urged for elimination. A large border with Afghanistan, northeast Iran is an endemic region for HTLV-1 infection. Historically, Afghanistan has common sociocultural similarities to Persian peoples. This study was conducted to evaluate HTLV-1 prevalence in Afghan refugees. Also, the HTLV-1 transmission rate and understanding of whether or not the Silk Road has been the route of HTLV-1 infection to Iran were investigated. This case-control study was conducted in a rural area of Fariman city, with Afghan residents who migrated around 165 years ago, from 1857, the Treaty of Paris at the end of the Anglo-Persian war, and a refugee camp in Torbat-e-Jam city. These populations in HTLV-1 endemic area were compared to a segregated population of Afghan refugees in Semnan, the centre of Iran. Blood samples of 983 volunteers were assessed with the ELISA method for the presence of HTLV-1 antibodies and then confirmed by PCR technique. All samples from Afghan refugee camps, Semnan and Torbat-e-Jam, were negative for HTLV-1 infection. However, the prevalence of HTLV-1 infection in Fariman, a rural population of Afghan origin, was approximately 2.73%. The results showed that HTLV-1 is not endemic in Afghanistan, a war-stricken region with refugees distributed worldwide. The land Silk Road has not been the route of HTLV-1 transmission to Northeastern Iran. Importantly, HTLV-1 endemicity might occur during a long time of living in an endemic area.

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“…Tajikistan 15 [96] 2007 Kyrgyzstan 42 [4] 2019 Afghanistan 2.1 [97] 2019 Africa Tunisia 17.7 [98] 1987-1994 Egypt 9.9 [69,71] 2013 Gabon 16 [99] 2007 Gambia 2.5 [100] 2017 Mauritania 33 [101] 2013 Cameroon 10.6, [102] 46.7 [103] 2011, 2016 Democratic Republic of Congo 26.1 [104] 2017 North Africa 20.7 [105] 2017 Central Africa 38 [74] 2017 West Africa 10 [74] 2017 Europe Italy 24 [106] -8.3 [69,106] 1987, 2006 Germany 8-11 [107] 1992, 2006 Greece 4.2 [108] 1997 England 2.6 [69] -8.5 [71] 2000, 2006…”

Section: Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis delta: Epidemiology to recent advances in therapeutic agents

et al. 2023

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Hepatitis D virus (HDV) was first described in 1977 and is dependent on the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) for its entry into cells and on the human host for replication. Due to the envelopment with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope, early phases of HDV entry resemble HBV infection. Unlike HBV, HDV activates innate immune responses. The global prevalence of HDV is estimated to be about 5% of HBsAg positive individuals. However, recent studies have described a wide range of prevalence between 12 to 72 million individuals. Infection can occur as super-infection or co-infection. The diagnosis of active HDV infection involves screening with anti HDV antibodies followed by quantitative PCR testing for HDV RNA in those who are HBsAg positive. The diagnostic studies have evolved over the years improving the validity and reliability of the tests performed. HDV infection is considered the most severe form of viral hepatitis and the HDV genotype may influence the disease course. There are eight major HDV genotypes with prevalence varying by geographic region. HDV treatment has been challenging as HDV strongly depends on the host cell for replication and provides few, if any viral targets. Better understanding of HDV virology has led to the development of several therapeutic agents currently being studied in different phase II and III clinical trials. There is increasing promise of effective therapies that will ameliorate the course of this devastating disease.

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Epidemiology of blood-borne viral infections in Afghanistan

Cited by 8 publications

References 26 publications

The changing context of hepatitis D

The changing context of hepatitis D

Immigrating and vicinity are not risk factors in the prevalence and transmission rate of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1: A Survey in an endemic region of Iran and Afghan refugees

Hepatitis delta: Epidemiology to recent advances in therapeutic agents

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