Epidemiology of beet necrotic yellow vein virus in sugar beet at different initial inoculum levels in the presence or absence of irrigation: Dynamics of inoculum

Tuitert, G.; Hofmeester, Y.

doi:10.1007/bf01974462

Cited by 21 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…The field trial, for description and lay-out see Tuitert and Hofmeester [1992], was situated in the Noordoostpolder on a calcareous clay soil with a pH-KC1 of 7.4 and 4.2% organic matter. The soil water retention curve is given in Fig.…”

Section: General Description Of the Field Trialmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology of beet necrotic yellow vein virus in sugar beet at different initial inoculum levels in the presence or absence of irrigation

Tuitert¹,

Hofmeester²

1994

Eur J Plant Pathol

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Abstract.A field experiment was set up in 1988 to study the development of rhizomania disease of sugar beet at different inoculum levels of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) in soil. Five, tenfold different, inoculum levels were created by addition of the approximate amounts of 0, 0.5, 5, 50 and 500 kg infested soil per ha (the latter corresponding to 0.01% v/v calculated to the tillage layer). A drip irrigation treatment was applied to study the influence of soil moisture on disease. Susceptible sugar beet, cv. Regina, was grown for three consecutive years.In the first year, root symptoms were not observed, but BNYVV-infected plants were detected by ELISA in low numbers at all inoculum levels at harvest. After late drilling in 1989, high numbers of infected plants, up to 90-100% in plots with the highest inoculum level, were detected already in June. Root symptoms were also observed from June onwards. In both these years disease incidence increased in time and was significantly influenced by the initial inoculum level. In the third year, the whole field was heavily diseased, and only for the non-irrigated plots incidence differed for different initial inoculum levels. The expression of symptoms by BNYVV-infected plants was influenced by initial inoculum level, thus by the amount and timing of primary infection.Root weight at harvest was not affected, but sugar content decreased with increasing inoculum level already in 1988, leading to a reduction in sugar yield of 10% at the highest inoculum level. In 1989, both root weight and sugar content decreased progressively with increasing inoculum level, resulting in sugar yield reductions of 11-66% (down to approximately 3000 kg ha -1) for low to high inoculum levels compared to the control. As the control plots became contaminated, all yields were low in 1990, still showing a decrease with increasing inoculum level in the non-irrigated plots, but an overall mean sugar yield of 3323 kg ha -1 for the irrigated ones.Sodium and c~-amino nitrogen content of the root, additional quality parameters determining extractability of sucrose, showed an increase and decrease, respectively, with increasing initial inoculum level already in the first year. The relative differences in contents compared to those from the control were largest for Na content. A significant negative correlation was found between Na (mmol kg -I root) and sugar content (% of fresh weight); linear for 1988, exponential for 1989 and 1990. In spring 1989, the infestation of individual plots was assessed using a quantitative bioassay estimating most probable numbers (MPNs) of infective units of BNYVV per 100 g 20 dry soil. The relationship between the MPNs determined and root weight, sugar content and sugar yield at harvest could be described by Gompertz curves. The increase in disease incidence with increasing MPN in 1989 was adequately fitted with a logistic equation.

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Section: General Description Of the Field Trialmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The quantification of inoculum build-up during two years was published previously [Tuitert and Hofmeester, 1992]. Part of the first-years' results were presented in preliminary reports [Hofmeester and Tuitert, 1989;Tuitert and Hofmeester, 1990].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of beet necrotic yellow vein virus in sugar beet at different initial inoculum levels in the presence or absence of irrigation

Tuitert¹,

Hofmeester²

1994

Eur J Plant Pathol

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“…Redistribution by cultivation also leads to local dilution of inoculum within an expanded patch. Many plant diseases have a threshold concentration of inoculum below which symptoms are not apparent, although the disease continues to amplify within the host (1). Cultivation may therefore lead to the disappearance of patches in successive seasons if the density of inoculum within a patch falls below the critical threshold.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…These propagules, or cystosori, are 50 to 100 m in diameter and are highly infectious. However, a critical level of infection is required to generate symptoms in the host (1). One practical consequence of such a threshold is that the spread of disease within a field is underestimated by the observation of symptoms.…”

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The effect of cultivation on the size, shape, and persistence of disease patches in fields

Truscott

Gilligan²

2001

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Epidemics of soil-borne plant disease are characterized by patchiness because of restricted dispersal of inoculum. The density of inoculum within disease patches depends on a sequence comprising local amplification during the parasitic phase followed by dispersal of inoculum by cultivation during the intercrop period. The mechanisms that control size, shape, and persistence have received very little rigorous attention in epidemiological theory. Here we derive a model for dispersal of inoculum in soil by cultivation that takes account into the discrete stochastic nature of the system in time and space. Two parameters, probability of movement and mean dispersal distance, characterize lateral dispersal of inoculum by cultivation. The dispersal parameters are used in combination with the characteristic area and dimensions of host plants to identify criteria that control the shape and size of disease patches. We derive a critical value for the probability of movement for the formation of cross-shaped patches and show that this is independent of the amount of inoculum. We examine the interaction between local amplification of inoculum by parasitic activity and subsequent dilution by dispersal and identify criteria whereby asymptomatic patches may persist as inoculum falls below a threshold necessary for symptoms to appear in the subsequent crop. The model is motivated by the spread of rhizomania, an economically important soil-borne disease of sugar beet. However, the results have broad applicability to a very wide range of diseases that survive as discrete units of inoculum. The application of the model to patch dynamics of weed seeds and local introductions of genetically modified seeds is also discussed.

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“…First of them is to apply a four-year crop rotation instead of a three-year in seen practice. Hofmeester and Tuitert (1989) and Tuitert and Hofmeester (1992) explained that there was an effect of irrigation for sugar beet on soil moisture content. Since waterlogged soils form a good condition for the vector fungus, sugar beet must be irrigated in adequate water on time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Rhizomania Disease in Sugar Beet Growing Areas of Turkey

Kaya¹

2009

Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi

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Rhizomania is one of the most destructive diseases affecting sugar beet. It leads to a severe loss in terms of root yield and sugar content up to 90 % and up to 70 % respectively, depending on the disease severity. It was reported in some regions of Marmara, Central Black Sea, and Central Anatolia and tends to spread in other regions in Turkey. The disease is caused by Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Benyvirus (BNYVV) and transmitted by a fungus, Polymyxa betae. The primary source of its spread is through the movement of infested soils or beets. Only cultural control methods are employed to control this disease. At present, the most effective control measure is to use of partially resistant sugar beet cultivars. The other additional measures like planting early into cool soils, minimizing watering, avoiding soil compaction, and employing crop rotations can reduce levels of the virus in the soil. Therefore, it is essential to determine the infested areas and take cultural measures before the disease causes economically important yield losses. Based on a three-year crop rotation, surveys were conducted and sugar beet root samples were collected from the growing areas in 102 regions of 17 sugar factory boundaries and in three periods including 1996-1998, 1999-2001 and 2002-2004. These root samples were tested by means of DAS-ELISA and distribution of BNYVV was determined. Rhizomania was detected in the sugar beet production areas of 4, 9 and 15 sugar factories in 1996-1998 1999-2001, and 2002-2004 at the rates of 19.30% (46200 ha), 31.42% (94140 ha), and 48.66% (203640 ha), respectively.Key Words: BNYVV, rhizomania, beet necrotic yellow vein benyvirus, sugar beet Türkiye'de Şeker Pancarı Ekim Alanlarında Rhizomania Hastalığının Yayılma DurumuÖz: Rhizomania, şeker pancarının en zararlı hastalıklarından biridir. Hastalık, enfeksiyon şiddetine bağlı olarak, şeker pancarında % 90'a varan kök verimi ve % 70'e varan şeker verimi kayıplarına yol açmaktadır. Türkiye'de Marmara, Orta Karadeniz ve İç Anadolu'nun bazı bölgelerinde hastalığın varlığı rapor edilmiş ve hastalık, dünyada olduğu gibi diğer bölgelere giderek yayılmaktadır. Bu hastalığa pancar nekrotik sarı damar virüsü (BNYVV) yol açmakta ve Polymyxa betae fungusu vektörlük etmektedir. Yayılma esas olarak, bulaşık toprak veya şeker pancarının taşınmasıyla olmaktadır. Hastalığın mücadelesi, bulaşık ekim alanlarında yalnızca kültürel tedbirler alınarak yapılmaktadır. Günümüzde, en etkili kontrol tedbiri, kısmen dayanıklı şeker pancarı çeşitlerini kullanmaktır. Soğuk topraklara erken ekim, a şırı sulamanın azaltılması, toprak s ı k ışmasından kaçınılması ve münavebe uygulaması gibi yardımcı tedbirler topraktaki virus seviyesini düşürebilmektedir. Bu nedenle, bulaşık alanların büyük ekonomik kayıplara yol açmadan tespit edilmesi ve kültürel tedbirlerin alınması büyük önem taşımaktadır. Üç y ı llık münavebe uygulamasına göre, 1996-1998, 1999-2001 ve 2002-2004 yıllarında olmak üzere, üçer yıllık üç dönem halinde 17 şeker fabrikasının 102 bölgesinin şeker pancarı e...

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Epidemiology of beet necrotic yellow vein virus in sugar beet at different initial inoculum levels in the presence or absence of irrigation: Dynamics of inoculum

Cited by 21 publications

References 21 publications

Epidemiology of beet necrotic yellow vein virus in sugar beet at different initial inoculum levels in the presence or absence of irrigation

Epidemiology of beet necrotic yellow vein virus in sugar beet at different initial inoculum levels in the presence or absence of irrigation

The effect of cultivation on the size, shape, and persistence of disease patches in fields

Distribution of Rhizomania Disease in Sugar Beet Growing Areas of Turkey

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