Epidemiology of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Due to Leishmania braziliensis brasiliensis

Jones, Thomas C.; Johnson, Warren D.; Barretto, Air C.; Lago, Edinaldo L.; Badaró, Roberto; Cerf, Barry; Reed, Steven G.; Netto, Eduardo Martins; Tada, Mauro Shugiro; França, Flávio; Wiese, K.; Golightly, Linnie M.; Fikrig, Erol; Costa, Jackson Maurício Lopes; Cuba, César Augusto Cuba; Marsden, Philip D.

doi:10.1093/infdis/156.1.73

Cited by 221 publications

(172 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…More than 90% of cases occur in five countries in the Old World (Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan) and two countries in the New World (Brazil and Peru) [2]. CL is more common in rural areas, in settings ranging from rainforests (jungle environments) to arid regions; however it is increasingly reported in urban and suburban areas of the Old and New World, where a number of opportunistic hosts, such as dogs and donkeys, have become the reservoirs of infection, reproducing a pattern similar to the VL caused by Leishmania infantum in the Mediterranean basin [10]. Main species involved in CL are: Leishmania tropica, Leishmania aethiopica, Leishmania major, and L. infantum in the Old World, and parasites belonging to the Leishmania (Leish- ] lainsoni) subgenus in the New World (the so-called New World or American CL, ACL).…”

Section: Cutaneous Leishmaniasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmaniasis in travelers: A literature review

Mansueto

Seidita

Vitale

et al. 2014

Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease

112

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Summary Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne protozoan infection whose clinical spectrum ranges from asymptomatic infection to fatal visceral leishmaniasis. Over the last decades, an increase in imported leishmaniasis cases in developed, non-endemic countries, have been pointed-out from a review of the international literature. Among the possible causes are increasing international tourism, influx of immigrants from endemic regions and military operations. The main area for the acquisition of cutaneous leishmaniasis, especially for adventure travelers on long-term trips in highly-endemic forested areas, is represented from South America, whereas popular Mediterranean destinations are emerging as the main areas to acquire visceral variant. Leishmaniasis should be considered in the diagnostic assessment of patients presenting with a compatible clinical syndrome and a history of travel to an endemic area, even if this occurred several months or years before. Adventure travelers, researchers, military personnel, and other groups of travelers likely to be exposed to sand flies in endemic areas, should receive counseling regarding leishmaniasis and appropriate protective measures. ª

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Section: Cutaneous Leishmaniasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmaniasis in travelers: A literature review

Mansueto

Seidita

Vitale

et al. 2014

Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease

112

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“…Mucosal leishmaniasis is observed in about 3% of patients with CL and presents mainly with nasal disease in patients with concomitant or a previous cutaneous ulcer. 4 Disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis is defined by the presence of more than 10 cutaneous lesions in at least two parts of the body. Usually patients present at the same time with acneiform, papular, and ulcerated lesions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9,10 Epidemiologic studies have pointed out that ATL occur predominantly in young subjects, a population that is more exposed to sand fly bites. 4 However, cohort studies have shown an increasing number of elderly present with CL 2,4 and it is well known that ML and DL occur more in adults than in children. 5,11 As there is a lack of studies of leishmaniasis in the elderly, we compared clinical, epidemiological, and immunologic features of ATL in elderly subjects with the same features observed in young subjects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age Modifies the Immunologic Response and Clinical Presentation of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis

Carvalho¹,

Amorim²,

Barbosa³

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is the main causal agent of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) that may present as cutaneous, mucosal, or disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis. The disease is highly prevalent in young males and there is a lack of studies of ATL in the elderly. Herein, we compared clinical manifestations, immunologic response, and response to antimony therapy between patients 60 years of age (N = 58) and patients who were 21-30 years of age (N = 187). The study was performed in Corte de Pedra, Bahia, Brazil, a well-known area of L. braziliensis transmission. Cytokine production by cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with soluble Leishmania antigen was performed. Elderly subjects more frequently had a previous history of cutaneous leishmaniasis, large lesions, or mucosal leishmaniasis, and they were less likely to have lymphadenopathy. There was no difference regarding gender and response to therapy. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from elderly subjects produced a similar amount of tumor necrosis factor than young patients but they produced less interferon-gamma and more interleukin-10 than young subjects. We concluded that elderly patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis should be searched for mucosal or disseminated leishmaniasis. The decreased interferon-gamma production and increase in interleukin-10 observed in elderly patients may contribute to parasite persistence and L. braziliensis infection dissemination.

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“…An (MST). The explanation usually suggested for this apparent lack of specificity is that these people were exposed to sub-clinical leishmanial transmission, possibly because they were infected with avirulent (non-pathogenic) parasites [9][10][11][12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Peruvian Andes: an epidemiological study of infection and immunity

et al. 1995

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SUMMARYA prospective longitudinal survey of cutaneous leishmaniasis (Leishmania peruviana) was carried out in Peru on a study population of 4716 persons living in 38 villages (Departments of Lima, Ancash and Piura). Demographic and clinical data were collected from all individuals, and a Montenegro skin test (MST) was carried out on 72 % (3418) of the study population. Each household was revisited at 3-monthly intervals for up to 2 years to detect new leishmaniasis cases; 497 people received a second MST at the end of the study. Analysis of the epidemiological data indicated that (i) 17 % (16/94) of all infections were subclinical, (ii) this percentage increased significantly with age, (iii) clinical infections led to 73-9 % protective immunity (95 % C.I. 53-0-85-5 %) and relatively permanent MST responsiveness (recovery rate = 0-0098/year; 95% C.I. 0000-00020/year), (iv) sub-clinical infections led to protective immunity, which was positively correlated with their MST induration size (increasing by 17-9% per mm; P < 0-0001), and a mean MST recovery rate of 0-414/year (4/421 manmonths), and (v) recurrent leishmaniasis was dominated by reactivations, not by reinfections.

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Epidemiology of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Due to Leishmania braziliensis brasiliensis

Cited by 221 publications

References 11 publications

Leishmaniasis in travelers: A literature review

Leishmaniasis in travelers: A literature review

Age Modifies the Immunologic Response and Clinical Presentation of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis

Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Peruvian Andes: an epidemiological study of infection and immunity

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