Epidemiology of allergic conjunctivitis

Rosário, Nelson; Bielory, Leonard

doi:10.1097/aci.0b013e32834a9676

Cited by 136 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The co-existence of allergic conjunctivitis in patients with AR is widely recognized [13,14]. In a recent study, allergic conjunctivitis was identified in 53.5% of patients with AR, a finding comparable to those from other studies [15].…”

Section: Abstract: 5-grass-pollen Tablet • Allergic Rhinitis • Allergsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…Moreover, in children, AR is often comorbid with chronic middle-ear effusions, sinusitis, adenoidal and tonsillar hypertrophy and acute and serious otitis media [9]. The co-existence of allergic conjunctivitis in patients with AR is widely recognized [13,14]. In a recent study, allergic conjunctivitis was identified in 53.5% of patients with AR, a finding comparable to those from other studies [15].…”

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confidence: 53%

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Five-grass-pollen sublingual immunotherapy tablet for the treatment of grass-pollen-induced allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: 5 years of experience

Didier

Wahn

Horak

et al. 2014

Expert Review of Clinical Immunology

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OralairÒ (OA) (Stallergenes, Antony, France) is a unique pre-and co-seasonal 5-grass-pollen sublingual immunotherapy tablet launched in 2008, and now approved in 31 countries worldwide for the treatment of grass-pollen allergic rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis. OA is the first oral treatment with a consistent, well-balanced allergen extract that mimics natural exposure and sensitization. A wealth of data exists from over 5 years of clinical and realworld experience demonstrating the efficacy and safety of OA for grass-pollen-allergy treatment. OA is highly effective from the first pollen season in all patient subgroups, including children and those with comorbid mild asthma, irrespective of sensitization status and symptom severity. OA also has sustained long-term benefits for symptom control and quality of life. This article provides an overview of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacology of OA; its efficacy, safety, tolerability and cost-effectiveness for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis and its role in clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common chronic inflammatory illness, characterized by rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, sneezing, nasal and ocular pruritis and watery eyes [1]. Inhalation of allergens by sensitized individuals triggers the IgE-mediated release of inflammatory mediators and cytokines, leading to a rapid appearance of symptoms [2]. AR has historically been classified as 'seasonal' or 'perennial' depending on whether symptoms occur with seasonal exposure to aeroallergens or are present throughout the year. Seasonal AR is most commonly attributed to plant pollen and other outdoor allergens, while perennial AR is associated with indoor allergens, such as dust mites, mold, cockroaches and pet dander, although it can also be associated with pollen in areas where this is prevalent year-round [3,4].In 2001, the WHO-sponsored Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma meeting produced guidelines proposing an alternative classification of the condition into 'intermittent' or 'persistent' AR, and grading symptoms as 'mild' or 'moderate/severe' [5]. Globally, the prevalence of seasonal ('hay fever') and perennial AR ranges from 7 to 42 and 1 to 13%, respectively, with the former being more common in children than adults [6]. The length of exposure to seasonal allergens is dependent on geographic location and climatic conditions [4]; in Europe, the main pollen season typically occurs from March to July, with slight variations according to latitude [7].Approximately 500 million people worldwide [6], including an estimated 30-60 million in the USA [4] 1309Drug Profile suffer from AR, and its prevalence is increasing in most countries [2]. It is estimated that from 10 to 30% of adults and up to 40% of the pediatric population have AR [3,9]. While AR does not directly lead to mortality, it places a considerable burden on affected individuals, who often have a reduced quality of life (QoL), compared with non-sufferers [10]. The physical symptoms of AR can cause sleep disturbance...

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Section: Abstract: 5-grass-pollen Tablet • Allergic Rhinitis • Allergsupporting

confidence: 66%

mentioning

confidence: 53%

Five-grass-pollen sublingual immunotherapy tablet for the treatment of grass-pollen-induced allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: 5 years of experience

Didier

Wahn

Horak

et al. 2014

Expert Review of Clinical Immunology

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“…Several advancing, mechanistic theories are supported by preliminary empirical data from a number of studies [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]40]. Allergic inflammation of the respiratory tract (evidenced by allergic asthma attacks) and eyes are highly correlated with air pollution levels [62,63]. The pollution increases oxidative stress, thus impeding the antioxidant defenses of the eye and inducing a cycle of inflammation and irritation, which strengthens allergen response, leading to clinical allergic conjunctivitis [64].…”

Section: Ijomeh 2016;29(3)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Air pollution and emergency department visits for conjunctivitis: A case-crossover study

Szyszkowicz

Kousha

Castner

2016

Int J Occup Med Environ Health

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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between emergency department (ED) visits for conjunctivitis and ambient air pollution levels in urban regions across the province of Ontario, Canada. Material and Methods: Information from the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System was used to create time-series records, for the period of April 2004 to December 2011, on emergency department visits of patients suffering from conjunctivitis. A total of 77 439 emergency department visits for conjunctivitis were analyzed. A time-stratified case-crossover design was applied, completed with meta-analysis in order to pool inter-city results. Odds ratio (OR) for an emergency department visit was calculated in different population strata per one-unit increase (one interquartile range -IQR increase in a pollutant's daily level) while controlling for the impacts of temperature and relative humidity. Results: Statistically significant positive results were observed in the female population sample, for nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) exposure lagged 5-8 days, with the highest result for the 7-day lag (OR = 1.035, 95% CI: 1.018-1.052) and for fine particulate matter with a median aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ), for lags 6 and 7 days, with the highest result for lag 7 (OR = 1.017, 95% CI: 1.003-1.031). In the male population sample, statistically significant positive results were observed for NO 2 at lag 5 days (OR = 1.024, 95% CI: 1.004-1.045) and for ozone (O 3 ), at lags 0-3 and 7 days, with the highest result for lag 0 (OR = 1.038, 95% CI: 1.012-1.056). Also for males, statistically significant results were observed in the case of PM 2.5 exposure lagged by 5 days (OR = 1.003, 95% CI: 1.000-1.038) and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) exposure lagged by 1 and 2 days (OR = 1.016, 95% CI: 1.000-1.031 and OR = 1.018, 95% CI: 1.002-1.033). Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that there are associations between levels of air pollution and ED visits for conjunctivitis, with different temporal trends and strength of association by age, sex, and season. include blurred vision, sensitivity to light, pain, foreign body sensations, itching, burning, discharges, and inability to tolerate contact lenses [40]. The conjunctiva is continuously bathed in a tear film, which acts as both a lubricant for eye movement and a protective barrier to dilute and remove harmful environmental impurities. Higher levels of ambient air pollution have been correlated with adverse effects on the tear film, ocular mucosa, ocular surface, and eyelid margins [30,36,39,[48][49][50]. Several population studies have examined the associations between air pollution levels and ED visits for eye diseases [17,21,23,24]. To our knowledge, no multi-city studies have investigated this link for cities in North America. Filling this gap in the epidemiologic literature is important; multi-city studies are known to give more reliable results, less liable to biases in comparison to studies concerned with individual urban centers [51...

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“…12,15 Majority of the patients (74.1%) in this study belonged to the 18-25 years age group and only 25.8% of the patients were above the age of 25 years. This was consistent with the studies done by John et al, and Abokyi et al, where the mean age of allergic conjunctivitis patients was about 20 years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Demographic data, ocular and medical history, concomitant medications, physical examination, clinical examination including recording of vital signs, ophthalmological examination (ocular sign and symptom score) and details of drug prescription were recorded in the study proforma at baseline visit (visit 1) and all subsequent follow-up visits. [10][11][12][13] Follow-up visits were done on day 8 (visit 2) and day 15 (visit 3) after administering the study drugs. A deviation of ±1 day for first follow-up and ±2 days for subsequent follow-up was accepted.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A prospective study of efficacy and safety of olopatadine versus azelastine in allergic conjunctivitis at a tertiary care hospital

Jayanthi

VIJAYALAKSHMI

2017

Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol

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The principal symptom of Allergic Conjunctivitis is ocular itching. Other signs and symptoms include conjunctival redness, tearing, mucus discharge, chemosis and lid edema. Mast cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of Allergic Conjunctivitis. The binding of ABSTRACT Background: Allergic conjunctivitis, an ocular surface inflammatory disease with significant social and economic impact affects approximately 25% of the general population. H1 receptor blockers, mast cell stabilizers and drugs that block cytokine and prostaglandin formation form the treatment armamentarium. Olopatadine hydrochloride and Azelastine hydrochloride are dual-acting selective H1 receptor antagonist with mast-cell stabilizing property. This study was undertaken to assess the efficacy and safety of olopatadine hydrochloride 0.1% and Azelastine hydrochloride 0.05% in allergic conjunctivitis amongst Indians. Methods: After obtaining Institutional Ethics Committee approval and written informed consent, 120 patients diagnosed with allergic conjunctivitis fulfilling the inclusion/exclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. Study was done from April 2014 to June 2015 at Minto eye hospital. Study subjects were treated with olopatadine hydrochloride 0.1% and Azelastine hydrochloride 0.05% eye drops BD for 15 days. Ocular symptoms, instead of and signs and adverse events, if any were recorded on the day 8 and day 15 follow up visits. Results: At the end of the study period, the reduction in the ocular itching score from baseline was higher in the olopatadine group compared to the azelastine group (p<0.002). Similarly, the scores of ocular congestion (p<0.008), foreign body sensation (p<0.009), tearing (p<0.001), erythema (p<0.002) and chemosis (p<0.015) also showed larger reduction in the olopatadine treated patients. The common adverse events encountered in both the groups were stinging after instillation, burning, bitter taste and headache. Conclusions: In allergic conjunctivitis, both olopatadine and azelastine were found to be effective in relieving ocular signs and symptoms, but olopatadine was found to be superior in terms of efficacy, safety and tolerability with minimal side effects.

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Epidemiology of allergic conjunctivitis

Cited by 136 publications

References 35 publications

Five-grass-pollen sublingual immunotherapy tablet for the treatment of grass-pollen-induced allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: 5 years of experience

Five-grass-pollen sublingual immunotherapy tablet for the treatment of grass-pollen-induced allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: 5 years of experience

Air pollution and emergency department visits for conjunctivitis: A case-crossover study

A prospective study of efficacy and safety of olopatadine versus azelastine in allergic conjunctivitis at a tertiary care hospital

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