Epidemiology of Acute Lower Respiratory Disease in Children

Glezen, W. Paul; Denny, Floyd W.

doi:10.1056/nejm197303082881005

Cited by 574 publications

(274 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…2) could explain the apparently coincidental peak of the RSV and influenza virus outbreaks during that winter. Glezen & Denny (1973) (0rstavik, Carlsen & Halvorsen, 1980) and England (Martin, Gardner & McQuillin, 1978) have estimated the incidence of RSV infection severe enough to require hospitalization to be 1 in 100 and 1 in 50 in children under 1 year old respectively. On the other hand, seroepidemiological studies by Kim et al (1973) have revealed that approximately one-half of the infants tested were infected by RSV during their first epidemic and almost all children had been infected after living through two RSV epidemics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surveillance of respiratory viral infections by rapid immunofluorescence diagnosis, with emphasis on virus interference

Anestad¹

1987

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SUMMARYDuring the 7-year period from September 1978 to August 1985, smear specimens of nasopharyngeal secretions from 3132 patients mainly hospitalized children, taken in different regions in Norway, were examined for respiratory viruses by the rapid immunofluorescence (IF) technique. A positive diagnosis for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus type 1, 2 and 3 or influenza A and B virus was made for 896 patients (29%). The greatest prevalence for all these viruses was observed during the colder months with only sporadic cases during the summer months. A relative increase in parainfluenza virus activity, involving several parainfluenza virus types, was observed in every second autumn and during these periods only sporadic cases of RSV infection were diagnosed. Also both RSV and parainfluenza viruses were less frequently found during influenza virus epidemics and regional differences in RSV activity were observed. During the four autumn periods 1982-85 the monthly number of positive virus identifications by IF followed an epidemic curve, while the corresponding number of negative samples was relatively constant. The results of this study suggest interference between RSV, parainfluenza viruses and influenza virus in reaching their epidemiological peaks. It is suggested that interferon might be a mediator of this effect.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surveillance of respiratory viral infections by rapid immunofluorescence diagnosis, with emphasis on virus interference

Anestad¹

1987

Epidemiol. Infect.

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“…O VRS é o principal agente de IRA que acomete o trato respiratório inferior em crianças menores de um ano de idade, sendo o agente mais freqüente de pneumonia e bronquiolite em lactentes 49 . O VRS é um vírus capsulado, com genoma RNA de fita simples, que apresenta duas glicoproteínas de superfície, denominadas de fusão (F) e de adsorção (G), que estão relacionadas à infectividade do vírus e à resposta imunológica do hospedeiro 50 .…”

Section: Imunização Passiva Para Vírus Respiratório Sincicial (Vrs)unclassified

Vacinas e o trato respiratório: o que devemos saber?

Farhat¹,

Cintra²,

Tregnaghi³

2002

J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)

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ResumoObjetivo: o presente artigo tem por objetivo apresentar uma revisão acerca das principais vacinas utilizadas na população pediá-trica, com impacto direto na prevenção dos processos infecciosos infantis do trato respiratório. Fontes dos dados:foram analisadas informações de artigos publicados em revistas científicas nacionais e internacionais, selecionados por busca direta ou por pesquisa nas bases de dados Lilacs e Medline.Síntese dos dados: o artigo foi estruturado em tópicos, apresentando questões relativas à imunização contra os patógenos freqüen-tes do trato respiratório em humanos, como Haemophilus influenza, vírus influenza, vírus respiratório sincicial e Streptococcus pneumoniae.Conclusões: a prevenção de doenças respiratórias, através de imunização, constitui-se numa das principais medidas para controle das infecções respiratórias. O acesso da população a estas novas vacinas, principalmente contra Haemophilus influenza, o que já ocorre há alguns anos com reconhecida eficácia, e agora contra o Streptococcus pneumoniae (vacina heptavalente) apontam para uma nova perspectiva, direcionada para o manejo da doença respiratória infantil. Em populações de risco, o controle da doença de etiologia viral através da imunização de forma ativa contra o vírus influenza, e de forma passiva para o vírus respiratório sincicial, também constituem medidas eficazes na redução da doença respiratória.J Pediatr (Rio J) 2002; 78 (Supl.2): S195-S204:vacinas, Haemophilus influenza, vírus influenza, vírus respiratório sincicial, Streptococcus pneumoniae. AbstractObjective: this article aims at presenting a review of the main vaccines used in the pediatric population with direct impact on the prevention of infectious processes of the respiratory tract in children.Sources: data from articles published in national and international scientific journals. The data were selected by means of direct search or search in the Lilacs and Medline databases. Summary of the findings: this article was structured in topics, presenting issues related to immunization against frequent pathogens of the respiratory tract in human beings: Haemophilus influenza, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae.Conclusions: the prevention of respiratory diseases through immunization is one of the main measures for the control of respiratory infection. These new vaccines, especially against Haemophilus influenza, have been available for some years with acknowledged efficacy. Now, the vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae (heptavalent vaccine) leads to a new perspective towards the management of respiratory diseases in children. In risk populations, the control of viral diseases through immunization, actively against the influenza virus and passively against the syncytial respiratory virus, is also an efficient measure to reduce respiratory disease.J Pediatr (Rio J) 2002; 78 (Supl.2) IntroduçãoÉ de todos conhecida a importância dos problemas infecciosos virais e bacterianos que acometem as vias aéreas superior e inferior. Sã...

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“…This enveloped pneumovirus causes repeat infections throughout life, and although in healthy adults mild infections are generally reported, the health risk in infected pediatric, immunocompromised, and elderly populations is much more serious. HRSV is the main cause of hospitalization for bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children, with infection rates approaching 70% in the first year of life (3). Worldwide, at least 3.4 million hospital admissions each year are associated with severe HRSV disease, and the global mortality rate was estimated at more than a quarter of a million deaths in 2010, mainly in developing countries (4).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural and Nonstructural Viral Proteins Are Targets of T-Helper Immune Response against Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Lorente

Barriga

Barnea

et al. 2016

Molecular & Cellular Proteomics

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Newly synthesized HLA class II molecules from antigenpresenting cells associate with the class II invariant chain (Ii). These complexes are eventually transported to specialized endosomal compartments where the Ii is progressively proteolyzed until only a fragment known as the class-II-associated invariant chain peptide (CLIP) 1 remains bound in the HLA class II peptide-binding groove to prevent it from binding to cellular peptides or pathogen peptides from the endogenous pathways. Interaction of HLA class II/CLIP complexes with the accessory molecule HLA-DM induces conformational changes in HLA class II molecules. Additionally, the release of CLIP results in peptide-receptive HLA class II molecules. This compartment fuses with a late endosome that contains exogenous proteins and/or viral particles that were previously endocytosed. Thus, the binding of antigen-processed peptides of different lengths, but with specific major anchor residues that can be deeply accommodated into specific pockets of the antigen recognition site of the HLA class II molecule, produces the stabilization of the nascent HLA class II/peptide complexes and allows for their subsequent transport to the cell membrane where they are exposed for T cell recognition (1).Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) (2), which is included in the Paramyxoviridae family of the Mononegavirales order, presents a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome that codes for 11 proteins. This enveloped pneumovirus causes repeat infections throughout life, and although in healthy adults mild infections are generally reported, the health risk in infected pediatric, immunocompromised, and elderly populations is much more serious. HRSV is the main cause of hospitalization for bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children, with infection rates approaching 70% in the first year of life (3). Worldwide, at least 3.4 million hospital admissions each year are associated with severe HRSV disease, and the global mortality rate was estimated at more than a quarter of a million deaths in 2010, mainly in developing countries (4).The immune mechanisms involved in HRSV disease and protection are not completely understood; however, it is known that infection induces mucosal and systemic humoral and cellular responses. Studies evaluating CD4 ϩ and CD8 ϩ T-lymphocyte subsets individually or together showed that both effector MHC class I-and helper MHC class II-restricted cellular responses are particularly important in clearing infections (5). Previously, some HRSV epitopes that are restricted by different HLA class II molecules were identified using T cells from seropositive individuals (6 -9). However, these experiments were performed with overlapping synthetic pepFrom the ‡Centro Nacional

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Epidemiology of Acute Lower Respiratory Disease in Children

Cited by 574 publications

References 50 publications

Surveillance of respiratory viral infections by rapid immunofluorescence diagnosis, with emphasis on virus interference

Surveillance of respiratory viral infections by rapid immunofluorescence diagnosis, with emphasis on virus interference

Vacinas e o trato respiratório: o que devemos saber?

Structural and Nonstructural Viral Proteins Are Targets of T-Helper Immune Response against Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus

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