Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Evolution of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Abstract

The bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is an enveloped, negative sense, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the pneumovirus genus within the family Paramyxoviridae. BRSV has been recognized as a major cause of respiratory disease in young calves since the early 1970s. The analysis of BRSV infection was originally hampered by its characteristic lability and poor growth in vitro. However, the advent of numerous immunological and molecular methods has facilitated the study of BRSV enormously. The knowledge gained from these studies has also provided the opportunity to develop safe, stable, attenuated virus vaccine candidates. Nonetheless, many aspects of the epidemiology, molecular epidemiology and evolution of the virus are still not fully understood. The natural course of infection is rather complex and further complicates diagnosis, treatment and the implementation of preventive measures aimed to control the disease. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms by which BRSV is able to establish infection is needed to prevent viral and disease spread. This review discusses important information regarding the epidemiology and molecular epidemiology of BRSV worldwide, and it highlights the importance of viral evolution in virus transmission.

Rapid Detection of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Poland Using a Human Patient-Side Diagnostic Assay

“…The virus consists of a lipid envelope containing three transmembrane surface glycoproteins – G, F and SH. Inside the virion is a helical nucleocapsid composed of a nucleoprotein (N) and a phosphoprotein (P), as well as a viral RNA‐dependent polymerase (L), an M protein and a transcription anti‐termination factor (M2) (Matheise et al., ; Lamb and Parks, ; Sarmiento‐Silva et al., ). Many studies have shown that BRSV exhibits strong homology to the human syncytial virus (hRSV), which is a common cause of acute respiratory disease in infants.…”

Detection of Multiple Antibodies and Risk Factor Association of Common Respiratory Viruses in the State of Punjab, India

“…These findings were in conformity with Mahajan et al, (2013) for IBR. Significant regional differences in the frequency of BRSV have also been reported from studies in Mexico (Sarmiento-Silva et al, 2012).…”

Case Report: A Disease Outbreak of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Taiwan

“…BRSV has been recognized as an important pathogen responsible of an acute respiratory disease in beef and dairy calves since the early 1970s. 8 The virus has been isolated from cattle in Europe, America and Asia, indicating that BRSV has a worldwide distribution. 9 In China, a total of 600 serum samples obtained from cattle in Heilongjiang province, were tested by indirect ELISA and the positive rate was 27.33%.…”

“…4,8 When a proper management practice is implemented, vaccination can be an e®ective tool for preventing and controlling infectious diseases. 4 A commercially available multivalent 5-in-1 vaccine (BR, PI3, BRSV and BVD types I and II) was developed overseas.…”

“…Pyrexia, coughing, dyspnea, and mucopurulent nasal secretions are common symptoms during the early stage of infection. [7][8][9] In more severe cases, infected animals are su®ered from anorexia, labored breathing, emphysema, and ultimately pneumonia and death, which causes tremendous economic losses to the dairy industry. 10,11 The predominance of BRSV antibody was investigated in 756 animals from 126 dairy farms in Taiwan.…”