Epidemiology, Major Outcomes, Risk Factors, Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease in China

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common in China. In residents older than 40 years in Beijing, China, 11.3% of subjects had at least one indicator of kidney damage. The primary cause of chronic renal failure in China was glomerulonephritis, which was followed by diabetic nephropathy and hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Renal failure, cardiovascular disease and infection were important complications. IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common CKD in China. The prevalence of hypertension, intrarenal artery lesions and tubulointerstitial lesions in patients with IgAN at the time of renal biopsy was approximately 40, 55 and 85%, respectively. The genetic variation in Megsin confers susceptibility to IgAN in Chinese. The patients with SL/LL genotypes of the MUC20 gene, the 38AA genotype of uteroglobin and DD genotype of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene had a higher risk of progression. Chinese prospective clinical trials showed that benazepril (BZ) conferred substantial renal benefits in patients with advanced renal insufficiency. The combined therapy with urokinase and BZ was more effective than with BZ alone in reducing proteinuria and protecting renal function in Chinese patients with severe IgAN. Lupus nephritis (LN) is a common form of secondary renal disease diagnosed by renal biopsy in China. Chinese multicenter clinical trials showed that mycophenolate mofetil or leflunomide combined with steroids was effective as induction therapy for proliferative LN.

Health-Risk Factors and 8-Year Incidence of Kidney Disease in Transitional Thailand: Prospective Findings From a Large National Cohort Study

“…3;2018 increase of proteinuria and the risk for proteinuria according to systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly increased beginning at levels of 110 and 90 mmHg, respectively (Ramirez et al, 2002). Hypertensive nephrosclerosis was the third most common causes of KD (Xie & Chen, 2008). High blood pressure (L. Xue et al, 2014) and hypertension (W. Chen et al, 2009;W.…”

“…A study in Singapore revealed that diabetes associated with increase of proteinuria (Ramirez et al, 2002). The most common cause of KD was glomerulonephritis and the second was diabetic nephropathy (Xie & Chen, 2008). The study revealed that blood sugar (HbA1c) in diabetes patients was associated with an increase of albuminuria, predictor of microvascular lesions for kidney disease including ESRD (Parving et al, 2006).…”

Common Genetic Variants in the Chromogranin A Promoter Are Associated with Renal Injury in IGA Nephropathy Patients with Malignant Hypertension

“…[10,11] IgAN is the most common form of primary glomerulonephritis among patients undergoing renal biopsy and is also one of the major causes of secondary malignant hypertension and ESRD. [20][21][22][23][24] In patients with IgAN-MHT, we previously found that the ischemic lesions and the glomerular background lesions both contributed to the impairment of renal function at presentation. [11] In the literature, it was reported that the genetic variants in the chromogranin A promoter were not only associated with hypertension, but also with hypertensive ESRD in primary hypertension [7,8] ; therefore, whether CHGA gene genetic variants affect onset of malignant hypertension and target-organ damage in secondary MTH raised special interest.…”

Spatial statistics detect clustering patterns of kidney diseases in south-eastern Romania

“…For example, a study made between 2007 and 2009 found that regional variation exists in the prevalence of dialysisrequiring acute kidney injury in the United States [11]. In China for example, an epidemiologic study of chronic kidney disease suggest significant differences between urban districts (e.g., hematuria in 0.8% of the population in the district of Beijing and in 6.5% in the city of Guangzhou [12]). Chronic tubulointerstitial disease has also similar geographic prevalence.…”