Epidemiology, clinical ramifications, and cellular pathogenesis of COVID-19 mRNA-vaccination-induced adverse cardiovascular outcomes: A state-of-the-heart review

Global reports of myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…In accordance with the present results, previous studies have demonstrated that almost all of the cases experienced a prompt recovery with no residual cardiac dysfunction. The median length of stay for all myocarditis cases was around 2–3 days, with a range of 2–10 days [ 23 ].…”

CMR Manifestations, Influencing Factors and Molecular Mechanism of Myocarditis Induced by COVID-19 Mrna Vaccine

“…In a study on 27 patients with cardiac inflammation caused by COVID-19 vaccine, most complained of chest pain, palpitations, joint pain and dyspnea, exhibiting elevated cardiac troponin I (HS cTnI) levels, and 77.8% of patients had ST-segment elevation or T wave inversion in electrocardiogram (ECG) (Table 1a,1b, Ref. [5,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]). Amir et al [20] retrospectively collected 15 cases of myocarditis related to the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in five major children's medical centers in Israel.…”

“…Bozkurt et al [15] advocated that the important mechanism of myocarditis is the spike glycoprotein, and the human peptide protein sequence of SARS-CoV-2 (for example: α-Myosin) could cross-react, which is a molecular simulation reaction between spike glycoprotein and its antigen. The spike glycoprotein can cause the secretion of interferon and other factors and eventually lead to the immune response of multiple organs, thus causing myocarditis [58]. It is widely thought that in individuals with genetic susceptibility, the spike glycoprotein may lead to dysregulation of the original pathway, and finally lead to activation of the immune pathway and inflammatory response [59].…”

“…COVID-19 mRNA vaccine has a positive effect on preventing coronavirus infection. Dagan et al [3] reported that the study of large-scale COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in Israel showed that COVID-19 mRNA vaccine could effectively prevent COVID-19 infection and reduce COVID-19 severe patients [3][4][5]. However, the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine has also been associated with an increased incidence of relatively rare diseases, such as myocardial injury, myocarditis thrombosis, tubulitis, macrovasculitis and Kawasaki disease [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14].…”

“…Dagan et al [3] reported that the study of large-scale COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in Israel showed that COVID-19 mRNA vaccine could effectively prevent COVID-19 infection and reduce COVID-19 severe patients [3][4][5]. However, the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine has also been associated with an increased incidence of relatively rare diseases, such as myocardial injury, myocarditis thrombosis, tubulitis, macrovasculitis and Kawasaki disease [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. It has been established that the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine produces antibodies to S protein through mRNA and membrane s glycoprotein, prevents the binding of S protein with angiotensin converting enzyme2 (ACE2), and produces cellular immunity and humoral immunity, which eventually leads to myocarditis [15].…”