Epidemiology and transmission patterns of concomitant genital chlamydial and gonococcal infections.

Matondo, P; Johnson, I. R.; Sivapalan, S

doi:10.1136/sti.71.4.266

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…However, investigators in these studies were unable to appropriately identify index cases and several patients included as index cases were actually negative for an infection for which their partner tested positive. Thus, as concluded by Matondo et al in 1995, we believe this question requires further study (48).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The increased PMN influx observed in coinfected female mice might then be expected to lead to increased transmission from a coinfected female to a male partner. Three published studies have attempted to determine whether there is a difference in the rate N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis transmission to an uninfected partner in the context of either single or dual infection, and no clear difference in transmission of either organism in the case of coinfection was identified (45,46,48). However, investigators in these studies were unable to appropriately identify index cases and several patients included as index cases were actually negative for an infection for which their partner tested positive.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Postinfection complications can occur with either pathogen and complications are generally more common and more severe in women. Infections that ascend to the upper genital tract in women lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), the complications of which include chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility (28, 78).The incidence (50, 55), transmission (45,46,48), and associated symptoms and complications (67, 68) of gonococcal and chlamydial coinfection have been examined in epidemiologic studies. However, differences in the pathogenesis and host response to coinfection have not been investigated in an infection model.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The incidence (50, 55), transmission (45,46,48), and associated symptoms and complications (67, 68) of gonococcal and chlamydial coinfection have been examined in epidemiologic studies. However, differences in the pathogenesis and host response to coinfection have not been investigated in an infection model.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Chlamydial Infection Increases Gonococcal Colonization in a Novel Murine Coinfection Model

et al. 2011

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Genital tract infections caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis serovars D to K occur at high incidence in many areas of the world. Despite high rates of coinfection with these pathogens, investigations of host-parasite interactions have focused on each pathogen individually. We describe here a coinfection model in which female BALB/c mice were first infected with the mouse Chlamydia species C. muridarum and then inoculated with N. gonorrhoeae following treatment with water-soluble 17␤-estradiol to promote long-term gonococcal infection. Viable gonococci and chlamydiae were recovered for an average of 8 to 10 days, and diplococci and chlamydial inclusions were observed in lower genital tract tissue by immunohistochemical staining. Estradiol treatment reduced proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels in chlamydia-infected mice; however, coinfected mice had a higher percentage of vaginal neutrophils compared to mice infected with either pathogen alone. We detected no difference in pathogen-specific antibody levels due to coinfection. Interestingly, significantly more gonococci were recovered from coinfected mice compared to mice infected with N. gonorrhoeae alone. We found no evidence that C. muridarum increases gonococcal adherence to, or invasion of, immortalized murine epithelial cells. However, increased vaginal concentrations of inflammatory mediators macrophage inflammatory protein 2 and tumor necrosis factor alpha were detected in C. muridarum-infected mice prior to inoculation with N. gonorrhoeae concurrently with the downregulation of cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide and secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor genes. We conclude that female mice can be successfully infected with both C. muridarum and N. gonorrhoeae and that chlamydia-induced alterations in host innate responses may enhance gonococcal infection.Chlamydia and gonorrhea are the two most common notifiable infectious diseases in the United States, with over 1 million cases of chlamydia and 350,000 cases of gonorrhea reported to the Centers for Disease Control in 2008 (9). Actual rates of infection are much higher due to high rates of asymptomatic infection (50). As many as 50 to 70% of individuals with gonorrhea also have a chlamydial infection (20,50,55), and empirical treatment for chlamydia upon detection of N. gonorrhoeae is recommended (10,27). Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis are both Gram-negative, humanspecific pathogens. In symptomatic infections, both organisms elicit a proinflammatory response characterized by the influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Clinically, gonorrhea is typically more pyogenic. Postinfection complications can occur with either pathogen and complications are generally more common and more severe in women. Infections that ascend to the upper genital tract in women lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), the complications of which include chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility (28, 78).The incidence (50, 55), transmission (45,46,48), and...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chlamydial Infection Increases Gonococcal Colonization in a Novel Murine Coinfection Model

et al. 2011

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“…The incidence (199,227), transmission (179,181,188), and associated symptoms and complications (282,285) Difco, Quality Biological, and Sigma, respectively, unless otherwise noted. Table I.…”

Section: Specific Aimmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlamydia muridarum Alters the Immune Environment of the Murine Genital Tract to be More Permissive for Infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a Novel Coinfection Model

Vonck¹

2011

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Herpes simplex virus infection in women: viral subtypes and epidemiological features in a district hospital.

Matondo¹,

Stocker²,

Sivapalan³

1996

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Epidemiology and transmission patterns of concomitant genital chlamydial and gonococcal infections.

Cited by 4 publications

References 12 publications

Chlamydial Infection Increases Gonococcal Colonization in a Novel Murine Coinfection Model

Chlamydial Infection Increases Gonococcal Colonization in a Novel Murine Coinfection Model

Chlamydia muridarum Alters the Immune Environment of the Murine Genital Tract to be More Permissive for Infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a Novel Coinfection Model

Herpes simplex virus infection in women: viral subtypes and epidemiological features in a district hospital.

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