Epidemiology and pathology of avian malaria in penguins undergoing rehabilitation in Brazil

Vanstreels, Ralph Eric Thijl; Silva-Filho, Rodolfo Pinho da; Kolesnikovas, Cristiane Kiyomi Miyaji; Bhering, Renata Cristina Campos; Ruoppolo, Valéria; Epiphânio, Sabrina; Amaku, Marcos; Ferreira, Francisco C.; Braga, Érika Martins; Catão‐Dias, José Luiz

doi:10.1186/s13567-015-0160-9

Cited by 60 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(51 reference statements)

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“…A similar dynamic takes place in rehabilitation centres in South America and South Africa, where Plasmodium spp. infections have been identified in 17-34% of African penguins and 7-13% of Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) undergoing in rehabilitation (Parsons & Underhill, 2005;Vanstreels et al, 2015).…”

Section: Captive Penguinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In penguins, seven malarial parasites have been documented: P. (Haemamoeba) relictum (Fantham & Porter, 1944), P. (Huffia) elongatum (Huff & Shiroishi, 1962), P. (Bennettinia) juxtanucleare (Grim et al, 2003), P. (Haemamoeba) tejerai (Silveira et al, 2013), P. (Haemamoeba) cathemerium, P. (Novyella) nucleophilum and P. (Novyella) unalis (Vanstreels et al, 2015). The majority of documented cases are caused by P. relictum and P. elongatum (Rodhain, 1939;Fantham & Porter, 1944;Laird, 1950;Huff & Shiroishi, 1962;Griner & Sheridan, 1967;Beier & Stoskopf, 1980;Bak et al, 1984;Grim et al, 2003;Chitty, 2011;Vanstreels et al, 2015). The first species is considered more prevalent (Cranfield, 2003).…”

Section: Aetiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Avian malaria is a markedly seasonal disease, dependent upon the availability of a vector population (Graczyk et al, 1994c;Braga et al, 2011). In penguins kept in captivity in outdoor enclosures, mortality is usually reported during summer or early autumn outbreaks, with most cases concentrated from June to October in the Northern Hemisphere (Graczyk et al, 1994d;Huijben et al, 2007;Chitty et al, 2015) and from October to March in the Southern Hemisphere (Parsons & Underhill, 2005;Vanstreels et al, 2015).…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Malaria in penguins – current perceptions

Grilo

Vanstreels

Wallace³

et al. 2016

Avian Pathology

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Avian malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by protozoans of the genus Plasmodium, and it is considered one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in captive penguins, both in zoological gardens and rehabilitation centres. Penguins are known to be highly susceptible to this disease, and outbreaks have been associated with mortality as high as 50-80% of affected captive populations within a few weeks. The disease has also been reported in wild penguin populations, however, its impacts on the health and fitness of penguins in the wild is not clear. This review provides an overview of the aetiology, life cycle and epidemiology of avian malaria, and provides details on the strategies that can be employed for the diagnostic, treatment and prevention of this disease in captive penguins, discussing possible directions for future research.

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Section: Captive Penguinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Aetiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Malaria in penguins – current perceptions

Grilo

Vanstreels

Wallace³

et al. 2016

Avian Pathology

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“…No Brasil, estudos sobre ocorrência e prevalência de parasitos no sangue de aves silvestres tem sido registrados por vários autores, entre outros, Woodworth-Lynas et al (1989), Adriano & Cordeiro (2001), Vanstreels et al (2015) e Chagas et al (2016) em São Paulo, Fecchio et al (2007), Crizóstimo (2008) e Fecchio (2011) no Distrito Federal, Sebaio (2002 e Ribeiro et al (2005) em Minas Gerais, Leite et al (2013) em Tocantins e Roos et al (2015) na Amazônia.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Parasitismo em aves silvestres residentes e migratórias da Ilha da Marambaia, Estado do Rio de Janeiro1

et al. 2016

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ABsTRACT.-Brum W.M., Da Costa Pereira M.A.V., Vita G.F., Ferreira I., Mello E.R., Aurnheimer R.C.M., Sanavria A. & Padua E.D. 2016 The study intended to analyze the population of migratory and resident wild bird species from Marambaia island, located in the municipality of Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro state, regarding the presence of microorganisms in blood smears during the year of 2009. In order to achieve the goal, 86 individuals of 22 bird species were captured using mist nets; peripheral blood was collected and blood smears performed. The birds were released after examined and sampled in situ. The diagnostic results were 11 (12.80%) birds positive for Plasmodium sp., one (1.16%) for microfilaria and 16 (18.60%) for Borrelia sp. Ticks identified as Amblyomma sp. (Ixodidae) were observed parasiting the sampled birds, suggesting that a relationship parasite-vector-host exists between these ticks and the Borrelia genus. This study should be expanded to other regions so that its results may favour other surveys, focused on conservation of wild birds in their habitat.

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“…[6][7][8][9][10] In the case of wild birds, P. tejerai, P. cathemerium, P. nucleophilum and P. unalis could be identified in Magellanic penguins (S. magellanicus) undergoing rehabilitation along the coast of Brazil. 11 The first report of a Plasmodium infection in an African penguin in the wild was from Saldanha Bay, described as P. relictum subsp. spheniscidae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conservation implications of avian malaria exposure for African penguins during rehabilitation

Botes¹,

Thiart²,

Parsons³

et al. 2017

S. Afr. J. Sci.

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The African penguin (Spheniscus demersus) is the only penguin species that breeds on the African continent and it is currently classified as endangered. Its conservation is assisted by the Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB) which is a seabird rehabilitation facility based at the Rietvlei Wetland Reserve in Tableview, Cape Town. Despite the success of SANCCOB in rehabilitating diseased, injured or oiled penguins, significant mortalities have occurred at the facility as a result of avian malaria. Avian malaria can be contracted during rehabilitation during which penguins are inadvertently exposed to additional threats. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to assess the anti-Plasmodium antibody levels of penguins to avian malaria on entry into the SANCCOB facility from 2001 to 2004 and during their rehabilitation process. Using blood smear data, avian malaria prevalence and malaria-related deaths were also monitored from 2002 to 2013. Significant increases in anti-Plasmodium antibody levels after admission were found during summer months. New infection and not parasite recrudescence was concluded to be the cause of this increase. This source was confirmed by a dramatic drop in penguin mortalities upon exclusion of mosquito vectors in 2008. Mortalities did not depend on the birds’ abilities to produce an anti-Plasmodium antibody response and oiling had no influence on immunity or prevalence of avian malaria infections. This study highlights the importance of mosquito vector control to control pathogen exposure in wild bird rehabilitation centres.

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Epidemiology and pathology of avian malaria in penguins undergoing rehabilitation in Brazil

Cited by 60 publications

References 27 publications

Malaria in penguins – current perceptions

Malaria in penguins – current perceptions

Parasitismo em aves silvestres residentes e migratórias da Ilha da Marambaia, Estado do Rio de Janeiro1

Conservation implications of avian malaria exposure for African penguins during rehabilitation

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