Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Providencia alcalifaciens Infections

Shah, Mohammad Monir; Odoyo, Erick; Ichinose, Yuki

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.18-0376

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Moreover, P. alcalifaciens may produce manganese superoxide dismutase which enhances protection against phagocytosis 30 . Routine testing for enteropathogens usually does not include Providencia spp., because it is not recognized for being enteropathogenic and requires special culturing methods for identification 31 . Thus, the presence of Providencia spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes in the fecal microbiota in dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea during an outbreak in Norway

Herstad

Trosvik

Haaland

et al. 2021

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background A severe form of acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (AHDS) occurred in dogs in the Oslo region of Norway during autumn 2019. Objectives To characterize the fecal microbiota of dogs with AHDS during the outbreak and compare it to that of healthy dogs from the same period and before the outbreak. Animals Dogs with AHDS (n = 50), dogs with nonhemorrhagic diarrhea (n = 3), and healthy dogs (n = 11) were sampled during the outbreak. In addition, 78 healthy dogs from the same region were sampled before the outbreak between 2017 and 2018. Methods Retrospective case‐control study. The fecal microbiotas were characterized using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Results Dogs with AHDS had significantly different microbiota composition (R2 = .07, P < .001) and decreased intestinal diversity relative to healthy dogs from the outbreak period (median, 2.7; range, 0.9‐3.5 vs median, 3.2; range, 2.6‐4.0; P < .001). The microbiota in dogs with AHDS was characterized by a decrease of Firmicutes and an outgrowth of Proteobacteria, with increased numbers of Clostridium perfringens and Providencia spp. Among the Providencia spp., 1 showed 100% sequence identity with a Providencia alcalifaciens strain that was cultivated and isolated from the same outbreak. No Providencia spp. was found in healthy dogs sampled before the outbreak. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Dogs with AHDS had marked changes in fecal microbiota including increased numbers of Providencia spp. and C. perfringens, which may have contributed to the severity of this illness.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 30 Routine testing for enteropathogens usually does not include Providencia spp., because it is not recognized for being enteropathogenic and requires special culturing methods for identification. 31 Thus, the presence of Providencia spp. in fecal samples from humans with diarrhea is likely not often detected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the fecal microbiota in dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea during an outbreak in Norway

Herstad

Trosvik

Haaland

et al. 2021

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…AatD homologs were identified in pathogenic bacteria of the order Enterobacterales including E. coli (EAEC and ETEC), Shigella boydii, Yersinia enterocolitica, Enterobacter sp, and Citrobacter rodentium (Fig 2A). AatD was also found in Providencia alcalifaciens, an opportunist member of Morganellaceae family that is associated with gastroenteritis in humans [29]. In contrast to EAEC and ETEC, which harbor aatD in a virulence plasmid, the homologous aatD gene of C. rodentium was located at the bacterial chromosome.…”

Section: In-silico Analysis Suggests That Aatd Belongs To a Novel Fammentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of a novel AraC/XylS-regulated family of N-acyltransferases in pathogens of the order Enterobacterales

et al. 2020

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Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is a diarrheagenic pathotype associated with traveler's diarrhea, foodborne outbreaks and sporadic diarrhea in industrialized and developing countries. Regulation of virulence in EAEC is mediated by AggR and its negative regulator Aar. Together, they control the expression of at least 210 genes. On the other hand, we observed that about one third of Aar-regulated genes are related to metabolism and transport. In this study we show the AggR/Aar duo controls the metabolism of lipids. Accordingly, we show that AatD, encoded in the AggR-regulated aat operon (aatPABCD) is an N-acyltransferase structurally similar to the essential Apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase Lnt and is required for the acylation of Aap (anti-aggregation protein). Deletion of aatD impairs posttranslational modification of Aap and causes its accumulation in the bacterial periplasm. trans-complementation of 042aatD mutant with the AatD homolog of ETEC or with the Nacyltransferase Lnt reestablished translocation of Aap. Site-directed mutagenesis of the E207 residue in the putative acyltransferase catalytic triad disrupted the activity of AatD and caused accumulation of Aap in the periplasm due to reduced translocation of Aap at the bacterial surface. Furthermore, Mass spectroscopy revealed that Aap is acylated in a putative lipobox at the N-terminal of the mature protein, implying that Aap is a lipoprotein. Lastly, deletion of aatD impairs bacterial colonization of the streptomycin-treated mouse model. Our findings unveiled a novel N-acyltransferase family associated with bacterial virulence, and that is tightly regulated by AraC/XylS regulators in the order Enterobacterales.

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“…Gamma-proteobacteria of the genus Providencia (Enterobacterales; Morganellaceae) have been identified in diverse environmental samples as well as in association with both vertebrate and invertebrate animals and humans. Six out of 10 currently recognized Providencia species, namely P. rettgeri, P. stuartii, P. alcalifaciens, P. rustigianii, P. heimbachae and P. huaxiensis [ 1 ], were isolated from clinical samples [ 2 – 4 ] and comprise opportunistic human pathogens typically causing diarrhea [ 5 – 7 ] and urinary tract infections [ 8 ] that are often clinically complicated by multidrug resistance of the pathogen [ 9 – 12 ]. Moreover, bacteria assigned to the recognized Providencia species P. vermicola, P. rettgeri, P. alcalifaciens, P. sneebia, and P. burhodogranariaea [ 1 ] together with the recently proposed new species P. entomophila [ 13 ] have been found associated with or pathogenic to insects as honeybees [ 14 ], house and blow flies [ 15 , 16 ], the fly-parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis [ 17 ], and a diverse range of fruit flies [ 13 , 18 – 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic analysis of the nomenclatural type strain of the nematode-associated entomopathogenic bacterium Providencia vermicola

et al. 2021

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Background Enterobacteria of the genus Providencia are mainly known as opportunistic human pathogens but have been isolated from highly diverse natural environments. The species Providencia vermicola comprises insect pathogenic bacteria carried by entomoparasitic nematodes and is investigated as a possible insect biocontrol agent. The recent publication of several genome sequences from bacteria assigned to this species has given rise to inconsistent preliminary results. Results The genome of the nematode-derived P. vermicola type strain DSM_17385 has been assembled into a 4.2 Mb sequence comprising 5 scaffolds and 13 contigs. A total of 3969 protein-encoding genes were identified. Multilocus sequence typing with different marker sets revealed that none of the previously published presumed P. vermicola genomes represents this taxonomic species. Comparative genomic analysis has confirmed a close phylogenetic relationship of P. vermicola to the P. rettgeri species complex. P. vermicola DSM_17385 carries a type III secretion system (T3SS-1) with probable function in host cell invasion or intracellular survival. Potentially antibiotic resistance-associated genes comprising numerous efflux pumps and point-mutated house-keeping genes, have been identified across the P. vermicola genome. A single small (3.7 kb) plasmid identified, pPVER1, structurally belongs to the qnrD-type family of fluoroquinolone resistance conferring plasmids that is prominent in Providencia and Proteus bacteria, but lacks the qnrD resistance gene. Conclusions The sequence reported represents the first well-supported published genome for the taxonomic species P. vermicola to be used as reference in further comparative genomics studies on Providencia bacteria. Due to a striking difference in the type of injectisome encoded by the respective genomes, P. vermicola might operate a fundamentally different mechanism of entomopathogenicity when compared to insect-pathogenic Providencia sneebia or Providencia burhodogranariea. The complete absence of antibiotic resistance gene carrying plasmids or mobile genetic elements as those causing multi drug resistance phenomena in clinical Providencia strains, is consistent with the invertebrate pathogen P. vermicola being in its natural environment efficiently excluded from the propagation routes of multidrug resistance (MDR) carrying genetic elements operating between human pathogens. Susceptibility to MDR plasmid acquisition will likely become a major criterion in the evaluation of P. vermicola for potential applications in biological pest control.

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Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Providencia alcalifaciens Infections

Cited by 24 publications

References 49 publications

Changes in the fecal microbiota in dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea during an outbreak in Norway

Changes in the fecal microbiota in dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea during an outbreak in Norway

Characterization of a novel AraC/XylS-regulated family of N-acyltransferases in pathogens of the order Enterobacterales

Genomic analysis of the nomenclatural type strain of the nematode-associated entomopathogenic bacterium Providencia vermicola

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