Epidemiology and molecular diversity of rabies viruses in Bulgaria

Robardet, Emmanuelle; Ilieva, D.; Iliev, Emil; Gagnev, Emil; Cliquet, Florence

doi:10.1017/s0950268813001556

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…Further to the east, rabies virus strains prevalence changes. In Bulgaria, the rabies virus is represented by half of the isolates belonging to the EE sub‐lineage, while the second distinctive lineage clustered with the NEE sub‐lineage (Robardet et al, 2014). In Bulgaria, SF lineage (McElhinney et al, 2011) and D (Robardet et al, 2014) were also confirmed previously.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrospective phylogenetic analysis of rabies virus G and N genes from Serbia

Milićević¹,

Glišić²,

Veljović³

et al. 2023

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Rabies is a viral disease of the central nervous system of all warm‐blooded animals and one of the oldest and most important zoonoses. In the Republic of Serbia, rabies is controlled by compulsory vaccination of dogs and cats and oral vaccination of wild carnivores, which has been implemented since 2010. In the period 2009–2018, 367 rabies cases were recorded. The last rabies case in Serbia was recorded in 2018 in a red fox (Vulpes vulpes), while the last case in dogs was diagnosed in 2011. This study aimed to perform a retrospective phylogenetic analysis of G and N genes of the rabies virus from Serbia from 2009 to 2018 to understand sources and pathways of infection better and to enable molecular virus tracing in the future based on the association of rabies virus genetic lineages with the geographic distribution. For the phylogenetic analysis of the rabies virus, 14 historically positive brain samples of red foxes from 2009 to 2018, collected in central Serbia, were used. All field strains from Serbia were identified as classic rabies virus and grouped within the Cosmopolitan lineage. Phylogenetic analysis of N gene sequences revealed that 13 rabies virus strains (92.9%) from Serbia belonged to the EE sub‐lineage of isolates, while one virus (7.1%) ON988027 from 2011 clustered together with isolates from the WE sub‐lineage.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrospective phylogenetic analysis of rabies virus G and N genes from Serbia

Milićević¹,

Glišić²,

Veljović³

et al. 2023

Zoonoses and Public Health

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“…Information on the spread of rabies by animals in Bulgaria dates from 1896, and systematic registration of human cases, morbidity, and lethality has been done since 1928. 7 Rabies is considered eradicated in Bulgaria, as there have been only 6 cases in humans since 1954, with the last one in 1994. This success is the result of integrated efforts and interventions such as induction of compulsory rabies vaccination for domestic dogs in 1949, control of the population of stray animals (dogs, in particular), control of epizootic processes in wild animals, assessment of injuries in humans with carrying out a PEP, which has been applied since 1894 and others.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological Characteristics of Post-exposure Prophylaxis of Rabies in Varna Region for the Period 2014-2018

Kolarova-Dimitrova¹

2020

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Introduction: Rabies is a viral zoonosis still posing a significant threat to public health worldwide, especially in developing countries. The disease can be controlled by animal vaccination and appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis in humans administered in the earliest possible time. Aim: To study and analyze animal-related injuries and post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies.  Materials and methods: Between 2014 and 2018, a retrospective epidemiological study was conducted in Varna region, which in-cluded 1462 persons who suffered injuries from animals. The study was based on the official data in the annual analysis of the Regional Health Inspectorate (RHI) in Varna. The information was summarized, analyzed, and graphically illustrated. The results were statisti-cally analysed using SPSS v. 20 employing variational and comparative (χ2) analyses. The statistical significance level was set at p <0.05. Results: Of 1462 registered post-injury care seekers, 642 (42.7%) had to be given post-exposure prophylaxis on an emergency basis. The latter were mainly city residents (91.8%). Immunization against rabies was given in the first two days after exposure in 477 (76.4%) subjects. The average number of doses per immunized person was 3.63. The injuries were mainly from stray dogs (58.14%), followed by domestic (37.41%) and wild (4.45%) animals. According to the anatomical site of injury, limb injuries predominated in 88.65% (lower limbs 45% and upper limbs 43.64%). Most of the injuries were light (71.54%), followed by moderate (18.91%) and severe injuries (9.61%).  Conclusions: Rabies prevention can be much more facilitated by the combined efforts of doctors, veterinarians, animal welfare orga-nizations and, last but not least, responsible population behavior. Post-exposure prophylaxis is an integral part of successfully curbing rabies programs but effective disease control can be achieved only through health education and vaccination of animals.

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“…This hypothesis could be supported by the fact that mountains can form a substantial barrier to the spread of foxes into a territory, hence this could be a reason for the southwards spread of the disease, from FYROM into Greece, rather than into other areas of that country. However, identification of rabies at high altitudes, recently described in Bulgaria and Italy [5, 19] highlights the permeability of natural barriers. Although red foxes, the most important reservoir for maintenance of rabies in wildlife in Central or South Europe [2, 20–23] are well-suited to a wide range of landscapes and can potentially spread rabies in every type of environment, the majority of rabid red foxes (16/40) were recorded in the area of Kilkis at a mean altitude of 210·1 m. Thus, it seems that landscape configuration characterized by gentle slopes influenced animal movement and rabies dissemination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rabies outbreak in Greece during 2012–2014: use of Geographical Information System for analysis, risk assessment and control

et al. 2016

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SUMMARYThe objectives of this work were (i) geographical analysis of the 2012–2014 outbreak of rabies in Greece using GIS and (ii) comparative analysis of animal cases with data of potential human exposure to rabies together with environmental data, in order to provide information for risk assessment, effective monitoring and control. Most animal cases (40/48) involved red foxes, while domestic animals were also diagnosed with rabies. Overall, 80% of the cases were diagnosed in central northern Greece; 75% of the cases were diagnosed in low altitudes (<343·5 m), within a distance of 1 km from human settlements. Median distance from livestock farms was 201·25 m. Most people potentially exposed to rabies (889/1060) presented with dog bite injuries. Maximum entropy analysis revealed that distance from farms contributed the highest percentage in defining environmental niche profiles for rabid foxes. Oral vaccination programmes were implemented in 24 administrative units of the country during 2013 and 2014, covering a total surface area of ~60 000 km2. Rabies re-occurrence in Greece emphasizes the need for ongoing surveillance in cross-border areas and in areas with intense human activity.

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Epidemiology and molecular diversity of rabies viruses in Bulgaria

Cited by 10 publications

References 12 publications

Retrospective phylogenetic analysis of rabies virus G and N genes from Serbia

Retrospective phylogenetic analysis of rabies virus G and N genes from Serbia

Epidemiological Characteristics of Post-exposure Prophylaxis of Rabies in Varna Region for the Period 2014-2018

Rabies outbreak in Greece during 2012–2014: use of Geographical Information System for analysis, risk assessment and control

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