Epidemiology and Molecular Characteristics of
            <i>mcr-9</i>
            in
            <i>Citrobacter</i>
            spp. from Healthy Individuals and Patients in China

Ju, Xiaoyang; Wang, Siheng; Yang, Xuemei; Han, Wei; Cai, Chang; Wu, Yantao; Liu, Congcong; Qian, Jiao; Zhao, Xiaofei; Qian, Xiang; Sun, Qiaoling; Zhang, Rong; Chen, Gongxiang

doi:10.1128/spectrum.01346-22

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…WF0003 carries mcr-9 genes, but it is susceptible to colistin. This is consistent with Ju’s study, which isolated nine strains of Citrobacter carrying mcr-9 , all of which were sensitive to colistin [ 49 ]. Kieffer’s study showed that the expression of mcr-9 could be induced by subinhibitory concentrations of colistin in the presence of qseB and qseC .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Whole-genome sequencing of clinical isolates of Citrobacter Europaeus in China carrying blaOXA−48 and blaNDM−1

Ma,

Xu,

et al. 2024

Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob

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Objective To analyze the clinical infection characteristics and genetic environments of resistance genes in carbapenem-resistant Citrobacter europaeus using whole-genome sequencing. Methods The susceptibility of two clinical isolates of C. europaeus (WF0003 and WF1643) to 24 antimicrobial agents was assessed using the BD Phoenix™ M50 System and Kirby-Bauer (K-B) disk-diffusion method. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on the Illumina and Nanopore platforms, and ABRicate software was used to predict resistance and virulence genes of carbapenem-resistant C. europaeus. The characteristics of plasmids carrying carbapenem-resistance genes and their genetic environments were analyzed. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were used to construct a phylogenetic tree to analyze the homology of these two C. europaeus strains with ten strains of C. europaeus in the NCBI database. Results The two strains of carbapenem-resistant C. europaeus are resistant to various antimicrobial agents, particularly carbapenems and β-lactams. WF0003 carries blaNDM− 1, which is located on an IncX3 plasmid that has high homology to the pNDM-HN380 plasmid. blaNDM− 1 is located on a truncated Tn125. It differs from Tn125 by the insertion of IS5 in the upstream ISAba125 and the deletion of the downstream ISAba125, which is replaced by IS26. WF1643 carries blaOXA− 48 in a Tn1999 transposon on the IncL/M plasmid, carrying only that single drug resistance gene. Homology analysis of these two strains of C. europaeus with ten C. europaeus strains in the NCBI database revealed that the 12 strains can be classified into three clades, with both WF0003 and WF1643 in the B clade. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report an IncX3 plasmid carrying blaNDM− 1 in C. europaeus in China. C. europaeus strains harboring carbapenem-resistance genes are concerning in relation to the spread of antimicrobial resistance, and the presence of carbapenem-resistance genes in C. europaeus should be continuously monitored.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Whole-genome sequencing of clinical isolates of Citrobacter Europaeus in China carrying blaOXA−48 and blaNDM−1

Ma,

Xu,

et al. 2024

Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob

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“…Studies on carbapenemresistant Citrobacter spp. found that the Inc family of plasmids was the primary group that carries genes for carbapenem resistance (Cao et al, 2021;Dziri et al, 2022;Ju et al, 2022); and was one of the main reasons for the rapid dissemination of carbapenem-resistant Citrobacter spp. around the world.…”

Section: Antibiotic Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…of Citrobacter, including mcr-1 in C. freundii (Li et al, 2017;Yan Hu et al, 2017) and mcr-1 in C. braakii (Sennati et al, 2017;Liu et al, 2018a), and mcr-1.5 in C. amalonaticus (Faccone et al, 2019), mcr-3.5 in C. sedlakii and C. amalonaticus (Phuadraksa et al, 2023), mcr-9 (Bitar et al, 2020) in C. freundii and, chromosomal mcr-9 in C. telavivensis (Ribeiro et al, 2021). In Citrobacter spp., mcr can cooccur with genes conferring resistance to b-lactams (Faccone et al, 2019) and aminoglycosides (Ju et al, 2022). This may result in developing MDR strains that are challenging to manage using currently available antibiotics.…”

Section: Antibiotic Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

A brief insight into Citrobacter species - a growing threat to public health

Jabeen,

Islam,

Hassan

et al. 2023

Front. Antibiot.

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Citrobacter spp. are Gram-negative, non-spore forming, rod-shaped, facultative anaerobic bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family often found in soil, sewage, sludge, water, food, and the intestinal tracts of animals and humans. Several members of Citrobacter spp. especially C. freundii, C. koseri, C. braakii are frequently detected in newborn illnesses, urinary tract infections, and patients with severe underlying conditions, including hypertension, diabetes, cancer, and respiratory infections, or those who are immunocompromised. Strains of Citrobacter spp. can spread vertically or horizontally from carriers or other hospital sources and thus cause nosocomial infections in hospital settings. A total of 19 Citrobacter genomospecies have been recognized based on genomics. It has been noted that the Citrobacter genus acquired antimicrobial resistance and virulence, including invasion, colonization, biofilm formation, and toxin production. The recent emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance to β-lactams, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and colistin in Citrobacter spp. through chromosomal and plasmid-mediated resistance limits the empiric treatment options. Therefore, combination therapy involving costly and potentially hazardous antibiotics poses significant challenges in treating Citrobacter infections. Here we summarized the nomenclature of Citrobacter spp., clinical manifestations, epidemiology, pathogenesis, antibiotic resistance mechanisms, and treatments from various clinical samples. This review will expand our knowledge of the genomics and epidemiology of Citrobacter spp., enabling improved control of infections and the spread of these organisms.

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Epidemiology and Molecular Characteristics of mcr-9 in Citrobacter spp. from Healthy Individuals and Patients in China

Cited by 2 publications

References 21 publications

Whole-genome sequencing of clinical isolates of Citrobacter Europaeus in China carrying blaOXA−48 and blaNDM−1

Whole-genome sequencing of clinical isolates of Citrobacter Europaeus in China carrying blaOXA−48 and blaNDM−1

A brief insight into Citrobacter species - a growing threat to public health

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