Epidemiology and Histopathological Spectrum of Head and Neck Cancers in Bihar, a State of Eastern India

Abstract

Head and neck cancers are amongst the commonest malignancies, accounting for approximately 20% of the cancer burden in India. The major risk factors are tobacco chewing, smoking and alcohol consumption, which from 2002-2006 at Patna Medical College and Hospital, a tertiary care hospital drawing patients from the entire Bihar state, the 3rd most populous state of India with the majority of the population residing in rural areas. Incidence rates based on sex, age, site of lesion, including age standardized incidence rates for males and females, with mean age of presentation, distribution of histological variants and year wise trend were calculated. Out of 455 head and neck neoplasias, 241 were benign while 214 were malignant. The most common age group for all malignant biopsies was 7th decade for males and the 5th decade for females. Malignant cases were commoner 2 ) test. The crude rate and age standardized incidence rate was 0.05 and 0.06 per 100,000 population respectively. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) contributed about 96% of all cases, with grade I being the most common. Larynx was the most common site for malignancy, the supraglottic region being its most commonly affected sub-site. This observed incidence patterns in the region are a reminder of widespread unawareness, low healthcare utilization with virtually non-existent cancer programs. It also underlines the need to advocate for reliable cost-effective programs to create awareness, for early detection and plan appropriate management strategies. There is a compelling demand for a cancer registry in this region as well as proper implementation of preventive measures to combat this growing threat of cancer, many of whose risk factors are preventable.

Histopathological patterns of head and neck lesions - a two year retrospective hospital based study

“…11 Our research study showed a preponderance of males in all three histopathological categories which was in accord with the findings of Siddiqui M S et al 15 A wide variety of lesions spanned across the seven topographic sites we analyzed. Lesions arising from the skin and the soft tissues were found to be maximum (29.65%) in present study.…”

“…11,14 Oral squamous cell carcinoma was the commonest malignancy reported in our work which was also seen in studies done by other authors. 15,17,18 Lesions of the aero-digestive tract comprised of 17.24% cases in our data among which inflammatory lesions were the maximum followed by malignant. Inflammatory lesions included tonsillitis, adenoiditis and nasal polyps.…”

“…These findings are indicative of the fact that head and neck cancers are amongst the commonest malignancies in India with Squamous cell carcinoma being the predominant histological type. 3,9,13,15 This could be attributed to the major preventable risk factors which are tobacco use, betel quid chewing and alcohol consumption.…”

Demographics and Histopathological Patterns of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma at a Tertiary Level Referral Hospital in Hyderabad, India: A 5-Year Retrospective Study

“…8 Studies have shown that the usage of tobacco in various forms is mounting at the rate of 2 to 3% yearly, and it is expected to cause about 13% of deaths in India by 2020. 9 Oral cavity has rich blood supply and lymphatic drainage, therefore the likelihood of cervical metastases of OSCC is very high making it a life-threatening disease. 10 Hence, early diagnosis and treatment is necessary in oral cancer as studies have shown that a cure rate of over 90% can be achieved in early stages.…”

Molecular Docking and Bioavailability Studies of Caffeine and Caffeic Acid Compounds With Apoptosis Regulated Proteins

“…Oral cancer is a subtype of head and neck cancer is any cancerous tissue growth located in the oral cavity 1 . There are several types of oral cancers, but around 90 % are squamous cell carcinomas, originating in the tissues that line the mouth and lips and cheek lining 2 .…”