Epidemiology and genetics of CTX-M extended-spectrum β-lactamases in Gram-negative bacteria

c Enterobacteriaceae-associated bla CTX-M genes have become globally widespread within the past 30 years. Among isolates from Washington State cattle, Escherichia coli strains carrying bla CTX-M (CTX-M E. coli strains) were absent from a set of 2008 isolates but present in a set of isolates from 2011. On 30 Washington State dairy farms sampled in 2012, CTX-M E. coli prevalence was significantly higher on eastern than on northwestern Washington farms, on farms with more than 3,000 adult cows, and on farms that recently received new animals. The addition of fresh bedding to calf hutches at least weekly and use of residual fly sprays were associated with lower prevalence of CTX-M E. coli. In Washington State, the occurrence of human pathogens carrying bla CTX-M genes preceded the emergence of bla CTX-M -associated E. coli in cattle, indicating that these resistance determinants and/or their bacterial hosts may have emerged in human populations prior to their dissemination to cattle populations. E mergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance traits in Gram-negative bacteria can occur rapidly and across wide geographic distances (1). Bacterial strains carrying the bla CTX-M family of extended-spectrum ␤-lactamase (ESBL) genes have spread globally in less than 30 years (2, 3). Unlike other families of ESBL genes which result from point mutations in preexisting, narrower-spectrum ␤-lactamase genes (bla TEM-1 and bla SHV ) (4), bla CTX-M ␤-lactamase genes originated from chromosomal genes of Kluyvera species (2). The earliest Escherichia coli plasmid-associated bla CTX-M was detected from laboratory dogs used in pharmaceutical research in Japan in 1986, followed by isolations from human patients in Munich, Germany (1989), Argentina (1989), France (1989), and Poland (1996) (2). In North America, bla CTX-Mbearing Escherichia coli strains (CTX-M E. coli strains) were detected in humans in Canada in 2000 (5) and in the United States between 2001 and 2002 (6). By 2007 in the United States, 80% of 15 geographically dispersed medical centers reported E. coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae infections with associated bla CTX-M genes (7). In Washington State, the earliest reported clinical human E. coli strain carrying bla CTX-M was isolated in 2001 in Seattle (6). Currently, CTX-M enzymes are considered the most prevalent ESBLs in isolates of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis associated with human infections globally (8).In the United States, dairy cattle-associated CTX-M E. coli strains were first reported by Wittum and others in Ohio in 2009 (9). This Ohio research group later reported CTX-M in Salmonella enterica isolates from equine, swine, and turkey sources from six different states (10) and from swine finishing barns in 5 states (11). In the current study, we first tested E. coli isolates from Washington State dairy cattle banked from several earlier research projects to determine the time window of CTX-M E. coli emergence in this region and host species. The results of this retrospective study indicated rece...

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“…We detected the presence of bla CTX-M and bla CMY-2 genes using previously published protocols (8,21,22 Table 1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Washington State, the earliest reported clinical human E. coli strain carrying bla CTX-M was isolated in 2001 in Seattle (6). Currently, CTX-M enzymes are considered the most prevalent ESBLs in isolates of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis associated with human infections globally (8).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Emergence of Escherichia coli with Cephalosporin Resistance Conferred by bla _CTX-M on Washington State Dairy Farms

Davis

Sischo

Jones

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…The narrow-host-range IncF and broad-host-range plasmids (i.e., IncN, IncN2, IncI1, IncHI2, IncL/M, IncA/C, IncK, IncX4, and IncU) as well as the rolling circle replication (RCR) plasmid families have been associated with CTX-M enzymes, but the IncF plasmids are by far the most common Inc type detected in E. coli ST131 isolates harboring bla CTX-M (190). bla CTX-M-15 has been found mainly on IncF plasmids with fused FIA-FII or FII replicons in ST131, whereas Inc plasmids with different replicons (i.e., FIB) have been identified in non-ST131 ExPEC (191).…”

Section: Plasmids Associated With E Coli St131mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Epidemic Resistance Plasmids and International High-Risk Clones in the Spread of Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

2015

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SUMMARY Escherichia coli sequence type 131 (ST131) and Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 emerged in the 2000s as important human pathogens, have spread extensively throughout the world, and are responsible for the rapid increase in antimicrobial resistance among E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains, respectively. E. coli ST131 causes extraintestinal infections and is often fluoroquinolone resistant and associated with extended-spectrum β-lactamase production, especially CTX-M-15. K. pneumoniae ST258 causes urinary and respiratory tract infections and is associated with carbapenemases, most often KPC-2 and KPC-3. The most prevalent lineage within ST131 is named fimH30 because it contains the H30 variant of the type 1 fimbrial adhesin gene, and recent molecular studies have demonstrated that this lineage emerged in the early 2000s and was then followed by the rapid expansion of its sublineages H30-R and H30-Rx. K. pneumoniae ST258 comprises 2 distinct lineages, namely clade I and clade II. Moreover, it seems that ST258 is a hybrid clone that was created by a large recombination event between ST11 and ST442. Epidemic plasmids with bla CTX-M and bla KPC belonging to incompatibility group F have contributed significantly to the success of these clones. E. coli ST131 and K. pneumoniae ST258 are the quintessential examples of international multidrug-resistant high-risk clones.

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“…The class Gammaproteobacteria includes an interesting cluster (ESBL1) of widespread CTX-M-type enzymes (cefotaximase), represented mostly by chromosome-encoded ␤-lactamases produced by several species of Enterobacteriaceae: Citrobacter amalonaticus (formerly Levinea amalonatica) ("Cdi"), Citrobacter sedlakii (Table 1) (124,125). The first example of probable gene transfer in this group is that of the gene encoding the ESBL SFO-1 in S. fonticola (71,126), followed by those in K. ascorbata and other Kluyvera species, the source of most CTX-M enzymes (48,49,124).…”

Section: Enzymes Produced By Gram-negative Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

A Structure-Based Classification of Class A β-Lactamases, a Broadly Diverse Family of Enzymes

Slama²,

et al. 2016

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SUMMARYFor medical biologists, sequencing has become a commonplace technique to support diagnosis. Rapid changes in this field have led to the generation of large amounts of data, which are not always correctly listed in databases. This is particularly true for data concerning class A β-lactamases, a group of key antibiotic resistance enzymes produced by bacteria. Many genomes have been reported to contain putative β-lactamase genes, which can be compared with representative types. We analyzed several hundred amino acid sequences of class A β-lactamase enzymes for phylogenic relationships, the presence of specific residues, and cluster patterns. A clear distinction was first made between dd-peptidases and class A enzymes based on a small number of residues (S70, K73, P107, 130SDN132, G144, E166, 234K/R, 235T/S, and 236G [Ambler numbering]). Other residues clearly separated two main branches, which we named subclasses A1 and A2. Various clusters were identified on the major branch (subclass A1) on the basis of signature residues associated with catalytic properties (e.g., limited-spectrum β-lactamases, extended-spectrum β-lactamases, and carbapenemases). For subclass A2 enzymes (e.g., CfxA, CIA-1, CME-1, PER-1, and VEB-1), 43 conserved residues were characterized, and several significant insertions were detected. This diversity in the amino acid sequences of β-lactamases must be taken into account to ensure that new enzymes are accurately identified. However, with the exception of PER types, this diversity is poorly represented in existing X-ray crystallographic data.

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Epidemiology and genetics of CTX-M extended-spectrum β-lactamases in Gram-negative bacteria

Cited by 256 publications

References 183 publications

Recent Emergence of Escherichia coli with Cephalosporin Resistance Conferred by bla _CTX-M on Washington State Dairy Farms

Recent Emergence of Escherichia coli with Cephalosporin Resistance Conferred by bla _CTX-M on Washington State Dairy Farms

The Role of Epidemic Resistance Plasmids and International High-Risk Clones in the Spread of Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

A Structure-Based Classification of Class A β-Lactamases, a Broadly Diverse Family of Enzymes

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Epidemiology and genetics of CTX-M extended-spectrum β-lactamases in Gram-negative bacteria

Cited by 256 publications

References 183 publications

Recent Emergence of Escherichia coli with Cephalosporin Resistance Conferred by bla CTX-M on Washington State Dairy Farms

Recent Emergence of Escherichia coli with Cephalosporin Resistance Conferred by bla CTX-M on Washington State Dairy Farms

The Role of Epidemic Resistance Plasmids and International High-Risk Clones in the Spread of Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

A Structure-Based Classification of Class A β-Lactamases, a Broadly Diverse Family of Enzymes

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Product

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Recent Emergence of Escherichia coli with Cephalosporin Resistance Conferred by bla _CTX-M on Washington State Dairy Farms

Recent Emergence of Escherichia coli with Cephalosporin Resistance Conferred by bla _CTX-M on Washington State Dairy Farms