Epidemiology and genetic screening of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli among symptomatic and asymptomatic children

Prevalence of Enteropathogens and Virulence Traits in Brazilian Children With and Without Diarrhea

“…Our results showed that the genes encoding virulence factors for Salmonella and Yersinia were detected in very low frequencies, in agreement with another survey in counties near Sao Paulo city (Lima F. M. et al, 2019 ).…”

“…Virulence markers for DEC pathotypes were largely detected confirming some other surveys in Latin America and China (Ochoa et al, 2009 ; Moreno et al, 2010 ; Zhang et al, 2016 ; Lima A. A. M et al, 2019 ; Lima F. M. et al, 2019 ). Different results were reported in Western Kenya among bacterial pathogens, where two species of Shigella were the most prevalent (Swierczewski et al, 2013 ).…”

“…The shifting in DEC epidemiology has been described in different studies and geographical regions (Pérez et al, 2010 ; Torres, 2017 ; Imdad et al, 2018 ; Pérez-Corrales and Leandro-Sandí, 2019 ) including Brazil, where until the 1990s, EPEC, mainly the typical EPEC serotypes producing EPEC adherence factor (EAF), was the main cause of infantile diarrhea (Gomes et al, 1991 ; Rosa et al, 1998 ; Regua-Mangia et al, 2004 ), and also Salmonella species (8%), ETEC (7%), and Shigella species (5%) were associated with diarrhea (Gomes et al, 1991 ), but it seems that they are becoming more and more rare, as presented herein and described elsewhere (Franzolin et al, 2005 ; Bueris et al, 2007 ; Moreno et al, 2010 ; Lima A. A. M et al, 2019 ; Lima F. M. et al, 2019 ; Ori et al, 2018 ).…”

“…However, except for Salmonella plus E. coli and Yersinia plus E. coli , we cannot assure that we detected different strains, since they were not isolated from stools. Nevertheless, coinfections have been described, suggesting associations among potential enteropathogens in the etiology of diarrhea (Orlandi et al, 2006 ; Lima F. M. et al, 2019 ). Indeed, some hybrid strains possessing typical genes from different pathotypes (heteropathogens) have recently emerged (Santos et al, 2020 ).…”

“…Rotavirus and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) are the two most common etiological agents of moderate-to-severe diarrhea in low-income countries (World Health Organization, 2017 ). Other pathogens such as Cryptosporidium, Shigella, Campylobacter, Salmonella , and Yersinia species also cause human bacterial gastroenteritis, but location-specific etiological patterns also need to be considered (Bottone, 1999 ; Freitas Neto et al, 2010 ; Marinou et al, 2012 ; Nunes et al, 2012 ; World Health Organization, 2017 ; Lima F. M. et al, 2019 ; Leli et al, 2020 ).…”