Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in the San Francisco Bay Area, California

Nieto, Nathan C.; Salkeld, Daniel J.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0707

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…miyamotoi or A . phagocytophilum in counties that were not identified as locations for these pathogens based on citizen-science submitted ticks [ 45 – 46 ]. Obviously, when a pathogen is rare there will be more variation in the ability to detect the pathogen, which may be the case in the far western US.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using citizen science to describe the prevalence and distribution of tick bite and exposure to tick-borne diseases in the United States

et al. 2018

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Tick-borne pathogens are increasing their range and incidence in North America as a consequence of numerous factors including improvements in diagnostics and diagnosis, range expansion of primary vectors, changes in human behavior, and an increasing understanding of the diversity of species of pathogens that cause human disease. Public health agencies have access to human incidence data on notifiable diseases e.g., Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, and often local pathogen prevalence in vector populations. However, data on exposure to vectors and pathogens can be difficult to determine e.g., if disease does not occur.We report on an investigation of exposure to ticks and tick-borne bacteria, conducted at a national scale, using citizen science participation. 16,080 ticks were submitted between January 2016 and August 2017, and screened for B. burgdorferi, B. miyamotoi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Babesia microti. These data corroborate entomologic investigations of tick distributions in North America, but also identify patterns of local disease risk and tick contact with humans throughout the year in numerous species of ticks and associated pathogens.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using citizen science to describe the prevalence and distribution of tick bite and exposure to tick-borne diseases in the United States

et al. 2018

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“…Often the data are summarized across the largest spatial extent. So, for example, despite sampling at multiple sites, data are reported as "In total, x% of ticks were infected with B. burgdorferi...", a behavior we have been guilty of (e.g., 17,29). However, aggregation of data into a single statistic on May 2, 2021 by guest http://aem.asm.org/ Downloaded from can under-represent the risk of exposure to tick-borne pathogens at sites where prevalence is higher, in part because the portrayed prevalence is deflated by including data from sites where tick abundance and/or pathogen prevalence is low.…”

Section: Describing Infection Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

Examining Prevalence and Diversity of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Questing Ixodes pacificus Ticks in California

Salkeld

Lagana

Wachara

et al. 2021

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Tick-borne diseases in California include Lyme disease (caused by Borrelia burgdorferi), infections with Borrelia miyamotoi, and human granulocytic anaplasmosis (caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum). We surveyed multiple sites and habitats (woodland, grassland, coastal chaparral) in California to describe spatial patterns of tick-borne pathogen prevalence in western black-legged ticks (Ixodes pacificus). We found that several species of Borrelia – B. burgdorferi, B. americana and B. bissettiae - were observed in habitats such as coastal chaparral that does not harbor obvious reservoir host candidates. Describing tick-borne pathogen prevalence is strongly influenced by the scale of surveillance: aggregating data from individual sites to match jurisdictional boundaries (e.g., county or state) can lower the reported infection prevalence. Considering multiple pathogen species in the same habitat allows a more cohesive interpretation of local pathogen occurrence. Importance Understanding the local host ecology and prevalence of zoonotic diseases is vital for public health. Using tick-borne diseases in California, we show that there is often a bias to our understanding and that studies tend to focus on particular habitats e.g., Lyme disease in oak woodlands. Other habitats may harbor a surprising diversity of tick-borne pathogens but have been neglected, e.g., coastal chaparral. Explaining pathogen prevalence requires descriptions of data at a local scale; otherwise, aggregating the data can misrepresent the local dynamics of tick-borne diseases.

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“…2006 , 2007 , 2010 ; Slowik and Lane, 2001 ; Wright et al, 2003b , 2010 , 2011 , S.A. 2012 ; Fritz et al, 2005 ; Nieto and Foley, 2008 , 2009 ; Salkeld et al, 2008 , 2014a , 2014b , 2015 , 2021 ; Gabriel et al, 2009 ; Nieto et al, 2009 , 2010 ; Castro and Clover, 2010 ; Foley and Nieto, 2011 ; Phan et al, 2011 ; Rejmanek et al, 2011 ; Swei et al, 2011a , 2011b , 2011c , A. 2012 , 2015 ; Dingler et al, 2014 ; Foley and Piovia-Scott, 2014 ; Eshoo et al, 2015 ; Bonkrude, 2016 ; Nieto and Salkeld, 2016 ; Ryan et al, 2016 ; Lilly et al, 2022 ; Paddock et al, 2022 ); (ii) the Alameda-San Mateo-Santa Clara-Santa Cruz-Monterey-San Luis Obispo section of the Central Coast ( Foley et al, 1999 , 2011 ; Kramer et al, 1999 ; Chang et al, 2001 ; Holden et al, 2003 , K. 2006 ; Nieto et al, 2007 ; Lumbad et al, 2011 ; Padgett and Bonilla, 2011 ; Rejmanek et al, 2011 ; Fedorova et al, 2014 ; Foley and Piovia-Scott, 2014 ; Salkeld et al, 2014a , 2014b , 2015 , 2021 ; Eshoo et al, 2015 ; Bonilla, 2016 ; MacDonald et al, 2016 ; Nieto and Salkeld, 2016 ; Kirkpatrick et al, 2017 ; Kleinjan e...…”

Section: History Of the Documented Geographic Distribution Of ...unclassified

History of the geographic distribution of the western blacklegged tick, Ixodes pacificus, in the United States

Eisen,

Saunders,

Kramer

et al. 2024

Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases

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Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in the San Francisco Bay Area, California

Abstract: Abstract. In California, the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), Anaplasma phagocytophilum, is transmitted by western black-legged ticks (Ixodes pacificus).

Cited by 10 publications

References 36 publications

Using citizen science to describe the prevalence and distribution of tick bite and exposure to tick-borne diseases in the United States

Using citizen science to describe the prevalence and distribution of tick bite and exposure to tick-borne diseases in the United States

Examining Prevalence and Diversity of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Questing Ixodes pacificus Ticks in California

History of the geographic distribution of the western blacklegged tick, Ixodes pacificus, in the United States

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