Epidemiology and Determinants of Self-Injury Among High School Students in Iran: a Longitudinal Study

Marin, Soudabeh; Hajizadeh, Mohammad; Sahebihagh, Mohammad Hasan; Nemati, Hossein; Ataeiasl, Maryam; Anbarlouei, Masoumeh; Pashapour, Hadi; Mahmoodi, Mahbobeh; Mohammadpoorasl, Asghar

doi:10.1007/s11126-020-09764-z

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Smoking and drinking have also been positively associated with the prevalence of NSSI. Positive relationships of smoking, drinking, and self-injury with NSSI have also been reported in some previous studies ( 85 – 87 ). In addition, family structure and family ties may increase risk of NSSI.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Global prevalence and characteristics of non-suicidal self-injury between 2010 and 2021 among a non-clinical sample of adolescents: A meta-analysis

et al. 2022

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BackgroundAdolescents with immature mind and unstable emotional control are high-risk groups of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behavior. We meta-analyzed the global prevalence of NSSI and prevalence of NSSI characteristics in a non-clinical sample of adolescents between 2010 and 2021.MethodsA systematic search for relevant articles published from January 1, 2010 to June 30, 2021 was performed within the scholarly database search engines of CBM, CNKI, VIP, Wanfang, PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Embase. Eligibility criteria were as follows: provided cross-sectional data on the prevalence of NSSI; the subjects were non-clinical sample adolescents; and a clear definition of NSSI was reported. We used the following definiton of NSSI as our standard: the deliberate, self-inflicted destruction of body tissue, such as cutting, burning, and biting, without attempted suicide. The quality evaluation tool for cross-sectional studies recommended by the JBI was used. The global prevalence of NSSI was calculated based on the random-effects model by Comprehensive Meta-analysis version 3.0. Subgroup analyses were performed to compare the prevalence according to sex, living place, smoking or drinking history, and family structure.ResultsSixty-two studies involving 264,638 adolescents were included. The aggregate prevalence of NSSI among a non-clinical sample of adolescents was similar between over a lifetime (22.0%, 95% CI 17.9–26.6) and during a 12-month period (23.2%, 95% CI 20.2–26.5). Repetitive NSSI was more common than episodic NSSI (20.3% vs. 8.3%) but the frequency of mild injury (12.6%) was similar to that of moderate injury (11.6%). Multiple-method NSSI occurred slightly more often compared than one-method NSSI (16.0% vs. 11.1%). The top three types of NSSI in adolescents were banging/hitting (12.0%, 95% CI 8.9–15.9), pinching (10.0%, 95% CI 6.7–14.8), and pulling hair (9.8%, 95% CI 8.3–11.5), and the least common type was swallowing drugs/toxic substances/chemicals (1.0%, 95% CI 0.5–2.2). Subgroup analyses showed that being female, smoking, drinking, having siblings, and belonging to a single-parent family may be linked to higher prevalence of NSSI.ConclusionThis meta-analysis found a high prevalence of NSSI in non-clinical sample of adolescents, but there are some changes in severity, methods, and reasons. Based on the current evidence, adolescents in modern society are more inclined to implement NSSI behavior by a variety of ways, which usually are repetitive, and moderate and severe injuries are gradually increasing. It is also worth noting that adolescents with siblings or in single-parent families are relatively more likely to implement NSSI behavior due to maladjustment to the new family model. Future research needs to continue to elucidate the features and risk factors of NSSI so as to intervene in a targeted way.LimitationThe limitation of this study is that the heterogeneity among the included studies is not low, and it is mainly related to Chinese and English studies. The results of this study should be used with caution.Systematic review registration[www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/], identifier [CRD42022283217].

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Global prevalence and characteristics of non-suicidal self-injury between 2010 and 2021 among a non-clinical sample of adolescents: A meta-analysis

et al. 2022

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“…Consistent with some previous studies ( 23 , 45 , 46 ), age was found significantly associated with NSSI in our investigation. However, different from some of the other studies ( 9 , 47 ), which reported older adolescents were more likely to engage in NSSI, we observed a totally opposite trend that younger adolescents were more likely to engage in NSSI. Muehlenkamp and Gutierrez found that by age 13, 15% of their respondents had engaged in NSSI, and 26% had engaged in NSSI as the age increased to 14, then fell to 17% when the age went to 15 ( 14 ).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

A cross-sectional study of non-suicidal self-injury in a Chinese adolescent inpatient cohort

Sun¹,

Li²,

Li³

et al. 2023

Front. Psychiatry

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BackgroundNon-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a significant predictor of completed suicide and is increasingly recognized as a serious public health concern. Multiple factors, including social, familial, mental, and genetic factors could influence the occurrence of this behavior. Identifying the early risk factors is important for screening and preventing this behavior.MethodsHere, we recruited a total of 742 adolescent inpatient participants from a mental health center and conducted a series of diagnostic interviews and questionnaires to assess NSSI behavior and other events. Bivariate analysis was used to detect differences between groups in NSSI and non-NSSI. Then, binary logistic regression was fitted to identify predictors of NSSI as a function of these questionnaire scores.ResultsOf the 742 adolescents examined, a total of 382 (51.5%) participants engaged in NSSI. Bivariate analysis showed that age, gender, depression, anxiety, insomnia, and childhood trauma was significantly associated with NSSI. Logistic regression results suggested that females had 2.43 higher odds of engaging in NSSI when compared to their male counterparts (OR = 3.43, 95%CI = 2.09–5.74, p = 1.70 × 10−6). Depression was a primary risk predictor for NSSI with each additional increase in symptoms of depression increasing the odds of engaging in NSSI by 18% (OR = 1.18, 95%CI = 1.12–1.25, p = 2.25 × 10−8).ConclusionMore than half of the adolescent inpatients with psychiatric disorders have NSSI experience. Depression and gender were the risk factors for NSSI. Age at a specific range had a high prevalence of NSSI.

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“…However, based on a comprehensive analysis of the available research findings, gender is not the determinant factor affecting the incidence of NSSI behavior in adolescents, because the epidemiological findings obtained in different regions are not consistent. For example, a study conducted in China showed that the incidence of NSSI in men was greater than that in women [ 43 ]; another study conducted in Iran reported similar findings [ 44 ]. However, other studies have shown that there is no difference in the prevalence of NSSI between men and women, but women with NSSI behaviors tend to be associated with a higher risk of suicide [ 45 ].…”

Section: Risk Factors Of Nssimentioning

confidence: 96%

An Integrative Model of In-Hospital and Out-of-Hospital Nursing Care for Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: A Narrative Review

2023

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Background: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) refers to the intentional and repeated physical trauma of an individual without explicit suicidal intent, which has negative effects on the physical and mental well-being of an individual, especially for adolescents. Timely and accessible nursing care may play an important role in the survival and rehabilitation process of NSSI. Methods: In this review, we systematically discuss the nursing care of NSSI behavior and provide recommendations based on an integrated nursing model for NSSI management. Results: As reported in previous studies, a variety of factors can contribute to NSSI behavior, such as personality traits, current psychological status, history of mental illnesses, as well as family and social factors. In-hospital care is the most necessary and effective care during acute episodes of NSSI behavior. To effectively manage inpatients with NSSI behaviors, nurses should first understand the motivation of NSSI, and provide comprehensive and multi-level care through nurse-patient communication, individualized psychological care, and multidisciplinary cooperation with other professionals. While the purpose of out-of-hospital nursing is to reduce the frequency of NSSI behaviors by screening high-risk individuals, providing psychological support, promoting health education, and improving self-awareness. Conclusions: An integrative model of in-hospital and out-of-hospital nursing care can help improve the clinical management and long-term prognosis of patients with NSSI and minimize the risk of suicidal ideation or suicidal behavior.

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Epidemiology and Determinants of Self-Injury Among High School Students in Iran: a Longitudinal Study

Cited by 14 publications

References 17 publications

Global prevalence and characteristics of non-suicidal self-injury between 2010 and 2021 among a non-clinical sample of adolescents: A meta-analysis

Global prevalence and characteristics of non-suicidal self-injury between 2010 and 2021 among a non-clinical sample of adolescents: A meta-analysis

A cross-sectional study of non-suicidal self-injury in a Chinese adolescent inpatient cohort

An Integrative Model of In-Hospital and Out-of-Hospital Nursing Care for Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: A Narrative Review

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