Epidemiology and Control of Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis: A Systematic Review

Jin, Hongtao; Wei, Feng; Liu, Quan; Qian, Jun

doi:10.1089/vbz.2011.0753

Cited by 76 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…In Europe, no death has been reported to be associated with HGA, suggesting that in European regions the main disease produced by A. phagocytophilum is TBF in sheep while in the United States HGA predominates. Cross-infection experiments indicate that A. phagocytophilum isolates of distinct host origin are not uniformly infectious for heterologous hosts (Jin et al, 2012). Recently, multilocus sequence typing of almost 400 A. phagocytophilum strains from humans and animals has shown that strains from humans, dogs, horses, wild boars and hedgehogs from Europe belong to the same clonal complex whereas cattle, sheep, roe deer, vole and shrew strains are distantly related suggesting that they are unlikely to be infectious for humans (Huhn et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection of Ixodes spp. tick cells with different Anaplasma phagocytophilum isolates induces the inhibition of apoptotic cell death

Alberdi

Ayllón

Cabezas-Cruz

et al. 2015

Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases

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Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an intracellular rickettsial pathogen transmitted by Ixodes spp. ticks, which causes granulocytic anaplasmosis in humans, horses and dogs and tick-borne fever (TBF) in ruminants. In the United States, human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is highly prevalent while TBF has not been reported. However, in Europe the situation is the opposite, with high prevalence for TBF in sheep and low prevalence of HGA. The origin of these differences has not been identified and our hypothesis is that different A. phagocytophilum isolates impact differently on tick vector

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection of Ixodes spp. tick cells with different Anaplasma phagocytophilum isolates induces the inhibition of apoptotic cell death

Alberdi

Ayllón

Cabezas-Cruz

et al. 2015

Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases

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“…Anaplasma phagocytophilum is thought to be maintained naturally in small mammal-tick cycles, with Ixodes ticks as vectors (Bown et al, 2003;Dumler et al, 2001). A wide range of mammals serve as reservoir hosts in the natural life cycle of Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Jin et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ruminants, rodents and ticks in Gansu, north-western China

Yang

Liu

Guan

et al. 2013

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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The zoonotic rickettsial pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum has a broad geographical distribution and a high degree of biological and clinical diversity. To determine the prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in the Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province, north-western China, four ruminant species, one rodent and one tick species were examined for Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection. DNA from Anaplasma phagocytophilum was detected by nested PCR in blood samples from 21/49 sheep (42.9 %), 35/91 goats (38.5 %), 51/158 yaks (32.3 %) and 7/20 cattle-yaks (35.0 %), and in spleen samples from 2/12 rodents (16.7 %). For samples from tick larvae and nymphs, 105 pools were tested; one of 46 larval tick pools was positive and seven of 59 nymphal tick pools were positive. For adult ticks, 40/598 female ticks (6.7 %) and 26/528 male ticks (4.9 %) were positive. The prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in female ticks was higher than that in males, although the difference was not statistically significant (P.0.05). Sequences analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene indicated that the strains in the study area were distinct from previously reported Anaplasma phagocytophilum in other continents. These results add new information on the epidemiology of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and indicate the tick-animal cycle of anaplasmosis in the area. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in Gansu Province in north-western China.

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“…Anaplasmosis is the second most common tickborne disease in North America, and its reported incidence has doubled over the last decade (6). A. phagocytophilum encompasses a heterogeneous group of strains, some of which infect rodents, deer, and horses, but the primary reservoir of human-infective strains is thought to be the white-footed mouse (18). A. phagocytophilum belongs to the Rickettsiales order, which includes emerging arthropod-transmitted pathogens such as Ehrlichia spp.…”

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confidence: 99%

Postgenomic Analyses Reveal Development of Infectious Anaplasma phagocytophilum during Transmission from Ticks to Mice

2012

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Obligate intracellular bacteria of the Rickettsiales order have evolved to colonize both arthropod and mammalian hosts, but few details are known about the bacterial adaptations that occur during transmission from blood-feeding arthropods to mammals. Here we apply proteomics and transcriptome sequencing to Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, in Ixodes scapularis tick salivary glands, to detect proteins or genes expressed by the pathogen during transmission feeding by the tick. We detected expression of 139 genes, representing 11% of the open reading frames (ORFs) in the A. phagocytophilum genome. The predominant categories of proteins were ribosomal proteins, cell surface proteins, chaperones, and uncharacterized proteins. There was no evidence of DNA replication enzymes, suggesting that most of the A. phagocytophilum cells were no longer dividing. Instead, protein expression reflected conversion to the extracellular, infectious "dense-core" (DC) form. High expression of a DC-specific marker, APH_1235, further suggested this developmental transition in ticks. We showed that blocking APH_1235 with antibodies reduced A. phagocytophilum infection levels in mammalian cell culture. This work represents a starting point for clarifying essential proteins expressed by A. phagocytophilum during transmission from ticks to mammals and demonstrates that the abundantly expressed, DC-associated APH_1235 protein is important during in vivo infection by A. phagocytophilum.

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Epidemiology and Control of Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis: A Systematic Review

Cited by 76 publications

References 74 publications

Infection of Ixodes spp. tick cells with different Anaplasma phagocytophilum isolates induces the inhibition of apoptotic cell death

Infection of Ixodes spp. tick cells with different Anaplasma phagocytophilum isolates induces the inhibition of apoptotic cell death

Prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ruminants, rodents and ticks in Gansu, north-western China

Postgenomic Analyses Reveal Development of Infectious Anaplasma phagocytophilum during Transmission from Ticks to Mice

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