Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations of Immune Thrombocytopenia

Abstract

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) occurs with an incidence rate of 1.6 to 3.9 per 100,000 patient-years, which increases with age and has a slight female preponderance. ITP is termed acute, persistent or chronic when its duration is <3 months, 3 to 12 months and >12 months, respectively. In this narrative review, we discuss the clinical manifestations of ITP in children and adults. ITP is asymptomatic in some patients; however, when present, bleeding is the most common symptom and can be mild as in petechiae, purpura and epistaxis, or severe and even life threatening in cases of intracranial haemorrhage, and massive gastrointestinal or urinary tract bleeding. A platelet count <10–20 × 109/L, advanced age and prior minor bleeding are risk factors for major bleeding, which is also more common in the months following a new diagnosis of acute ITP. Fatigue and impaired health-related quality of life are also manifestations of ITP that often improve with treatment and improvement in platelet counts. Over long-term follow-up, ITP is also associated with an increased risk of venous and arterial thromboembolism, haematologic malignancy and overall mortality than the general population.

Recurrence rate in patients with acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura in Ahvaz, southwest of Iran: Corticosteroids versus intravenous immunoglobulin

“…We also examined RR in individuals based on their gender (60 males and 64 females), and results showed there was no significant relationship between gender and RR, with 48.4% in males and 51.6% in females. This variable was not included in other studies (10,16,17). The proportion of males was higher only in two studies.…”

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a case report and review of literature

“…3 5 While only 20% cases of ITP are secondary, a major 80% are primary or idiopathic. 3 Secondary ITP has been associated with infections (HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, cytomegalovirus (CMV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), zika, Helicobacter pylori), systemic autoimmune disorders (systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome), primary immunodeficiency disorders like common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and malignancies. Haematological malignancies have been known to be associated with ITP.…”

Solitary Sign of Third Nerve Palsy in a Conscious Patient With Epidural Hemorrhage

“…Subdural hemorrhage comprises 5% to 25% of head injury cases with an injury to the bridging veins in between the dura and arachnoid mater. Any brain hemorrhage can present with a broad spectrum of non-specific symptoms, such as headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, decreased consciousness, lethargy, motor deficits, aphasia, seizure, or personality changes [ 1 , 2 ].…”