Epidemiology and characteristics of antimicrobial resistance in China

National Surveillance of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in China Highlights a Still-Evolving Epidemiology with 15 Novel Emerging Multilocus Sequence Types

“…The spread of MRSA, including hospital-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) and community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA), has been a major problem worldwide (1)(2)(3)(4). The proportion of MRSA isolates among S. aureus isolates from hospitals is very high in many Asian countries (2,5,6). In mainland China, the prevalence of MRSA has reached 50 to 70% of total S. aureus isolates, based on previous laboratory-based surveillance data (4,6).…”

Molecular epidemiology of staphylococcus aureus isolated from the patients, personnel and hospital environments in Sanandaj (Iran)

“…In addition, inappropriate prescription antibiotics in nonbacterial infections, non-full course of treatment as well as easy availability of antibiotics help to emergence and spread of multidrug resistance strains [19].We used spa-typing since it has several advantages in terms of speed, ease of use, ease of interpretation and database creation for MRSA strain typing [20].The The most frequently encountered MRSA spa type among our strains was t030, probably the most widespread MRSA in Iranian hospitals [21]. Studies have shown that multidrug-resistant strains Spa type t030 and it is becoming resistant to many antibiotics [22], [23]. however, Countries of origin spa-type t030 has been shown in , Austria, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Iran, Lebanon, Macedonia, Netherlands, Norway, Romania, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey.…”

Exploring the evidence base for national and regional policy interventions to combat resistance

“…73 The Ministry of Health (MoH) set up the National Healthcare Associated Infection Surveillance System (NHAISS) in 2001 to monitor antibiotic usage in hospitals, 74 and the MoH National Antibacterial Resistance Investigation Net (Mohnarin) in 2004 to detect and monitor antibiotic resistance. 75 Even though NHAISS's data suggest that the prevalence of antimicrobial use in hospitals in China has decreased from 54.79% in 2001 to 46.64% in 2010, 74 Mohnarin's data show that the prevalence of resistant bacteria (over 40%), particularly hospital-associated pathogens (over 60% for MRSA and ESBL (+) E. coli) remained high during the period between 2000 and 2011. 75 Perverse financial incentives that stem from the fee-for-service payment model adopted by state-owned healthcare providers are a primary driver for overprescribing of drugs.…”

“…75 Even though NHAISS's data suggest that the prevalence of antimicrobial use in hospitals in China has decreased from 54.79% in 2001 to 46.64% in 2010, 74 Mohnarin's data show that the prevalence of resistant bacteria (over 40%), particularly hospital-associated pathogens (over 60% for MRSA and ESBL (+) E. coli) remained high during the period between 2000 and 2011. 75 Perverse financial incentives that stem from the fee-for-service payment model adopted by state-owned healthcare providers are a primary driver for overprescribing of drugs. 76 As such, the national rural social insurance scheme has inadvertently led to the overprescribing of antibiotics in those who are covered, by lowering financial barriers to accessing healthcare.…”