Epidemiology and causation of coronary heart disease and stroke in India

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases are major causes of mortality and disease in the Indian subcontinent, causing more than 25% of deaths. It has been predicted that these diseases will increase rapidly in India and this country will be host to more than half the cases of heart disease in the world within the next 15 years. Coronary heart disease and stroke have increased in both urban and rural areas. Case-control studies indicate that tobacco use, obesity with high waist:hip ratio, high blood pressure, high LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, abnormal apolipoprotein A-1:B ratio, diabetes, low consumption of fruits and vegetables, sedentary lifestyles and psychosocial stress are important determinants of cardiovascular diseases in India. These risk factors have increased substantially over the past 50 years and to control further escalation it is important to prevent them. National interventions such as increasing tobacco taxes, labelling unhealthy foods and trans fats, reduction of salt in processed foods and better urban design to promote physical activity may have a wide short-term impact.

Effect of morin, a flavonoid against DOCA-salt hypertensive rats: a dose dependent study

“…The animals were placed in heated chamber at an ambient temperature of (30)(31)(32)(33)(34) 曟 ) for 15 min and from each animal, [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] blood pressure values were recorded. The lowest three readings were averaged to obtain a mean blood pressure.…”

“…CVD has reached epidemic proportions in India [2] and is estimated to result in more than 3 million deaths each year [3] . Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and a large body of evidence suggests oxidative stress, an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as a strong underlying factor in hypertension [4,5] .…”

Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among rural population of elderly in Wardha district

“…2 It is now well known that conventional risk factors (smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, dyslipidemia, unhealthy diet, and reduced physical activity) together account for more than 95% of population-attributable risk for CVD, and novel risk factors have only a small contribution to make. 3 These risk factors, attributed to a set of life-style changes are prevalent both in urban and rural India.…”

Assessment of Ischemic Heart Disease and its Risk Factors among Asymptomatic Hospital Visitors

“…It is expected to be the single most important cause of death in India by the year 2015 A.D. 11 Recent estimates suggest that 80 per cent of CVD deaths occur in developing countries with substantial contribution from India. 12 The prevalence of CAD was detected as 11.6% in urban males of West Bengal 13 , 12.6% among Tirupathy population 14 and 11% in Chennai urban population. 15 There is a paucity of data related to prevalence of CAD in asymptomatic subjects.…”