Epidemiological trends and patterns of antimicrobial resistance of Shigella spp. isolated from stool cultures in two different populations in Southern Israel

Peleg, Itai; Givon-Lavi, Noga; Leibovitz, Eugene; Broides, Arnon

doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.12.005

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…On the other hand, the NWT ECV for AZM was 11.1%. These oral antibiotic resistance patterns are similar to those from previous reports from Israel, Egypt, and the United States (15)(16)(17).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Evaluation of Shigella Species Azithromycin CLSI Epidemiological Cutoff Values and Macrolide Resistance Genes

et al. 2019

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Azithromycin (AZM) has been recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics for the treatment of shigellosis in children. In this study, 502 Shigella species isolated between 2004 and 2014 were tested for AZM epidemiological cutoff values (ECV) by disk diffusion. AZM MICs and the presence of the macrolide resistance genes [erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), ere(A), ere(B), mph(A), mph(B), mph(D), mef(A), and msr(A)] were determined for all 56 (11.1%) isolates with an AZM disk diffusion zone diameter of Յ15 mm. The distribution of AZM ECV MICs was also determined for 186 Shigella isolates with a disk zone diameter of Ն16 mm. Finally, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed on 15 Shigella flexneri isolates with an AZM disk zone diameter of Ͻ16 mm from different years and geographic locations. Serotyping the 502 Shigella species isolates revealed that 373 (74%) were S. sonnei, 119 (24%) were S. flexneri, and 10 (2%) were S. boydii. Of the 119 Shigella flexneri isolates, 48 (42%) isolates had an AZM disk diffusion zone diameter of Յ15 mm and a MIC of Ն16 g/ml. With the exception of one isolate, all were positive for the macrolide resistance gene mph(A). S. flexneri PFGE showed four distinct patterns, with patterns I and II presenting with 92.3% genetic similarity. On the other hand, 2 (0.5%) of the 373 S. sonnei isolates had the AZM non-wild-type (NWT) ECV phenotype (those with acquired or mutational resistance), as the AZM MICs were Ն32 g/ml and the isolates were positive for the mph(A) gene. Overall, our S. flexneri results are in concordance with the CLSI AZM ECV, but isolates with an AZM disk diffusion zone diameter between 14 and 15 mm should be carefully evaluated, as the S. flexneri AZM MIC for NWT isolates may need adjustment to 32 g/ml. Our data on S. sonnei support that the AZM NWT ECV should be 11 mm for the disk diffusion zone diameter and Ն32 g/ml for the MICs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Evaluation of Shigella Species Azithromycin CLSI Epidemiological Cutoff Values and Macrolide Resistance Genes

et al. 2019

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“…Shigella spp. as Gram-negative bacillus is an important etiology of infectious gastroenteritis in humen (5,6,8,11,12,(15)(16)(17). The prevalence of Shigella serogroups is different from one society to another (2,5,6,8).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies show that in the developed countries Shigella sonnei is more frequent, while in the developing countries Shigella flexneri is more prevalent (2, 3, 5, 8). The reason is unknown, but there is a hypothesis that links this difference in the prevalence of Shigella serotypes with poor sanitary conditions to stool contamination of drinking water and the ability of Shigella flexneri to be more easily transmitted by drinking water, compared with Shigella sonnei (17). Over time, and with the development of societies, frequency of Shigella serogroups changes (3,6,11).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shigellosis and Changes of Antimicrobial Susceptibility During Six Years

et al. 2017

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Background: Shigellosis is a diarrheal disease caused by Shigella spp. The majority of cases and deaths occur among children less than 5 years old. In severe cases, antibiotic therapy is recommended to lessen the risk of serious complications and death. Prevalence of different Shigella species and their antibiotic resistance patterns are changing over the time. Objectives: The current study aimed at assessing the changes in the prevalence of Shigella species and their antibiotic susceptibility among 0-to 14-year-old children referred to Children's Medical Center, Tehran, Iran, from 2009 to 2014. Methods: The results of stool cultures were retrospectively analyzed to determine the prevalence of different Shigella species, their antibiotic susceptibility patterns and their changes in the largest university affiliated pediatrics center in Tehran. Results: Among 40 700 stool cultures, 507 cases were positive for Shigella spp. Most cases occurred among children under 5 years old. Shigellosis was more prevalent among males. The most common species were Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri. In general, they were most sensitive to cefotaxime and most resistant to cotrimoxazole. Resistance to cefotaxime and nalidixic acid increased annually. Resistance to ampicillin had a descending trend. Resistance to cotrimoxazole remained almost constant. Conclusions: The most common species of Shigella changed from Shigella flexneri to Shigella sonnei over the years. In comparison with the previous studies, resistance to nalidixic acid increased and resistance to ampicillin decreased. The prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of Shigella species, at different times and regions are changing. To make appropriate decisions on treatment, it is necessary to monitor the changes.

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“…Shigella dysenteriae is a gram-negative bacillus causing severe human gastrointestinal infections, sometimes with extraintestinal manifestations. There are four species (serogroups) of Shigella on the basis of serologic or biochemical reactions, namely, Shigella dysenteriae, serogroup A; Shigella flexneri, serogroup B; Shigella boydii, serogroup C; and Shigella sonnei, serogroup D [1,2]. Shigella dysenteriae type 1 causes bacillary dysentery which is a major public health problem in many developing countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of newMyoviridaebacteriophage WZ1 against multi-drug resistant (MDR)Shigella dysenteriae

Jamal

Chaudhry

Hussain

et al. 2015

J. Basic Microbiol.

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Shigella dysenteriae is a normal inhabitant of the human gastrointestinal tract, but sometimes it causes severe infection known as shigellosis (bacillary dysentery). Bacteriophages are considered very safe and effective agents for controlling bacterial infections and contaminations. In this study, we describe the isolation and characterization of bacteriophage WZ1, isolated from waste water which inhibits the growth of S. dysenteriae. Phage WZ1 showed maximum stability at 37 °C and was stable up to 65 °C but was totally inactive at 70 °C. The pH stability increased from low to high and was totally inactive at pH 3 while maximum stability was observed at optimal pH 7. Phage WZ1 adsorption rate to the host bacterium was significantly enhanced by the addition of CaCl2 . It has a latent time and burst time of 24 min and about 430 virions/cell, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy of phage WZ1 revealed a head width of 10 ± 0.5 nm and length of 10 ± 0.2 nm with a contractile tail of 128 ± 25 nm long and 21 ± 0.5 nm wide and belongs to family Myoviridae of order Caudovirales. Twelve structural proteins ranging from 22 to 150 kDa were detected by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The genome was found to be double stranded DNA with an approximate size of 38 kb. It has a very good reduction potential for S. dysenteriae by lowering abruptly the optical density of the planktonic S. dysenteriae culture. Phage WZ1 is a very promising candidate for phage therapy and other applications such as phage typing.

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Epidemiological trends and patterns of antimicrobial resistance of Shigella spp. isolated from stool cultures in two different populations in Southern Israel

Cited by 7 publications

References 14 publications

Evaluation of Shigella Species Azithromycin CLSI Epidemiological Cutoff Values and Macrolide Resistance Genes

Evaluation of Shigella Species Azithromycin CLSI Epidemiological Cutoff Values and Macrolide Resistance Genes

Shigellosis and Changes of Antimicrobial Susceptibility During Six Years

Characterization of newMyoviridaebacteriophage WZ1 against multi-drug resistant (MDR)Shigella dysenteriae

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