Epidemiological Study of Risk Factors for Goiter among Primary Schoolchildren in Southern Ethiopia

Wolka, Eskinder; Shiferaw, Solomon; Biadgilign, Sibhatu

doi:10.1177/156482651403500103

Cited by 16 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…In agreement with the results of several researchers [28][29][30], we did not find any differences in gender, age, weight, and height relative to the two groups. Usually, investigators demonstrate statistical differences of many trace element contents in hair depending on sex and age [31].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 95%

Effects of Imbalance in Trace Element on Thyroid Gland from Moroccan Children

El-Fadeli

Bouhouch

Skalny

et al. 2015

Biol Trace Elem Res

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The major environmental factor that determines goiter prevalence is iodine status. However, other trace elements like selenium and zinc can influence the thyroid function. Hair samples (n = 68) were collected from goitrous and non-goitrous children aged 8-12 years living in the area of Al Haouz Marrakech-(Morocco). Trace element concentrations (Cr, Fe, Mg, Zn, Se, I) in hair were measured using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Difference in the mean concentration of each trace element between groups was determined by ANOVA test. The mean concentration levels of I, Se, and Zn for goitrous children were lower and were similar to the mean concentrations reported in the literature for subjects with goiter. The regression results gave us a better model that revealed significant positive relations between thyroid volume and Zn contents and significant negative relation with I and Se. The overall findings of the present study revealed that the actual factors of thyroid gland volume increase are I and Se deficiency. This work could shed some light on the effects of trace elements-other than iodine-on the thyroid disorders.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 95%

Effects of Imbalance in Trace Element on Thyroid Gland from Moroccan Children

El-Fadeli

Bouhouch

Skalny

et al. 2015

Biol Trace Elem Res

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“…Only few areas of Jimma zone [7,11,18], Arsi zone [19], Bale zone [20] and Haramaya district [21] were covered, while other zones and districts have no information. Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples were targeted with three independent studies of zones and districts such as Gamo Gofa [19], Kafa [22], Sidama [23][24][25], Hawasa [26] and Sodo [27,28]. Four reports on the Amhara region targeted areas in Shoa zone [19], Bahir Dar town [29], Wombera and Burie districts [30], and Lay Armachiho district [31].…”

Section: Regional Studies Of Id In Ethiopia Are Incompletementioning

confidence: 99%

Progress and challenges in eliminating iodine deficiency in Ethiopia: a systematic review

Gebretsadikan

Troen

2016

BMC Nutr

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Background: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and their attendant effects on human development, perinatal mortality and intellectual dysfunction are a major nutrition and public health problem worldwide, with Ethiopia counted among the top iodine-deficient countries. Despite the passing of new legislation in 2011 under the National Nutrition Programme and subsequent increase in the availability of iodized salt, the eradication of IDD in Ethiopia remains a significant challenge. This paper critically reviews the recent published data on iodine-status in Ethiopia as a basis for formulating future research and policy initiatives. Methods: We performed a structural search for IDD studies in Ethiopia for all population groups published after the year 2000. Results: Twenty four studies reported national and regional data giving a national total goiter rate above 35.8 % in women, with rates close to 60 % in four regional states, and an estimated prevalence of IDD ranging from 0.4 to 66.3 % depending on region. The prevalence of goiter in children was 35 %, but was as high as 71 % in the South Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region. The problem persists despite the widespread availability of iodized salt. Conclusions: Eradicating IDD in Ethiopia will require concerted efforts including the close evaluation of intervention programs through regular, nation-wide monitoring of IDD and salt-iodization coverage. Salt iodization became mandatory in Ethiopia in 2011 and despite significant progress, the current level of eradicating IDD could be improved. Prospective and controlled intervention studies to evaluate biomarkers of thyroid function and cognitive outcomes will help to monitor and improve eradication efforts. Ascertaining and improving health and development in the most vulnerable populations of women and children is a priority that may be advanced through a greater investment in outreach and education.

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“…SNI mediates iodine transport to the inside of follicular cells in what is considered the first step in thyroid hormone biosynthesis. This active sodium-dependent process constitutes an iodine transport vector from the bloodstream to the thyroid colloid [32][33][34]. In sum, ingested iodine is absorbed and transported in the circulation in the form of "iodide" which is concentrated by the thyroid in the lateral basal membrane of thyrocytes with the help of SNI; intra-cellular iodide is transported to the lumen of thyroid follicles, while proteins like thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and Tg are synthetized.…”

Section: Iodine Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Significant differences were found in mean thyroid volume adjusted by age and body surface, suggesting that reference values for a specific population in countries with longstanding iodine "sufficiency" may be more accurate than an international reference standard. These reference values are recommended for goiter screening during IDD monitoring, and they are more conservative than those previously used, although it is clear that inter-observer variability with this method is high -up to 26%- [32][33][34][40][41][42][43]. In order to improve thyroid volume data reliability and comparability on ultrasound when monitoring for IDD, a standardized approach has to be adopted worldwide [33,41].…”

Section: Thyroid Volumementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, thyroid ultrasound is considered to have lower accuracy in areas with severe IDD and, consequently, palpation is a better way to estimate goiter prevalence. In areas with moderate-to-severe IDD, goiter screening using palpation must be the option of choice because of ease of application, reproducibility and low cost [34,40]. Goiter rate in school children is an indicator of IDD severity in a specific population.…”

Section: Thyroid Volumementioning

confidence: 99%

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Iodine Deficiency Disorders

Vargas‐Uricoechea¹,

Bonelo-Perdomo²,

Hernán³

2014

Thyroid Disorders Ther

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Iodine deficiency disorders are among the most significant public health problems in the world at the present time, especially among children and pregnant women, considered the highest risk population. These disorders hinder socio-economic development in the affected areas. IDD are a permanent natural occurrence that affects the entire planet, which means that the people living in iodine-deficient areas will always be exposed to the consequences of that deficiency, in particular increased perinatal mortality, mental retardation and brain developmental delay. Consequently, it is the major cause of preventable brain damage in childhood, and its elimination is one of the biggest challenges in public health. Iodine is present in small amounts in the body and its main role is to act as the substrate for thyroid hormone synthesis. When dietary requirements are not met, the frequency of IDD increases. In general, these disorders are underdiagnosed and, in many countries, there is no awareness of the associated problems or of the iodine status in the population.Methods: Accurate methodological review of the medical literature included in the MEDLINE database using the MeSH terms "iodine", "disorders", "iodide", "deficiency", combined with the logical operators "AND", "OR" and "NOT" and the "also try" characteristic of data published in "any date", limiting the search to results including the link with abstracts and full text, exclusively in humans and regardless of gender. For the preliminary evaluation, the following types of studies were selected: clinical trials, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, clinical practice guidelines, and review articles. The search was limited to papers published in English, and related to the population between 0 and 18, and adults 19 and over, from January 1974 to November 2014. The same criteria were also used in the TRIP DATABASE, as a meta-search engine of the terms specified above.

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Epidemiological Study of Risk Factors for Goiter among Primary Schoolchildren in Southern Ethiopia

Cited by 16 publications

References 15 publications

Effects of Imbalance in Trace Element on Thyroid Gland from Moroccan Children

Effects of Imbalance in Trace Element on Thyroid Gland from Moroccan Children

Progress and challenges in eliminating iodine deficiency in Ethiopia: a systematic review

Iodine Deficiency Disorders

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