Epidemiological Study of Child Casualties of Landmines and Unexploded Ordnances: A National Study from Iran

Mousavi, Batool; Soroush, Mohammad Reza; Masoumi, Maryam; Khateri, Shahriar; Modirian, Ehsan; Shokoohi, Hamid; Fatemi, Mohammad Javad; Hematti, Mohammad Ali; Soroush, M; Ghassemi-Broumand, Mohammad; Rassafiani, Mehdi; Allami, Mostafa; Nouri, Farshad; Yavari, Amir; Ganjparvar, Zohreh; Kamyab, Mojtaba; Mirsadeghi, S.A.

doi:10.1017/s1049023x15005105

Cited by 13 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…66 -70 Children are most likely to sustain injuries to the upper extremities, face, and torso. 67,71,72 These injury patterns are seen because children are most often injured while playing, tampering with an explosive device, or performing economic activities, such as herding livestock. 66 -68, 73, 74 Chemical weapons and other chemical contaminants can also have long-term effects.…”

Section: Environmental Hazardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Armed Conflict on Children

Kadir¹,

Shenoda²,

Goldhagen³

et al. 2018

Pediatrics

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More than 1 in 10 children worldwide are affected by armed conflict. The effects are both direct and indirect and are associated with immediate and long-term harm. The direct effects of conflict include death, physical and psychological trauma, and displacement. Indirect effects are related to a large number of factors, including inadequate and unsafe living conditions, environmental hazards, caregiver mental health, separation from family, displacement-related health risks, and the destruction of health, public health, education, and economic infrastructure. Children and health workers are targeted by combatants during attacks, and children are recruited or forced to take part in combat in a variety of ways. Armed conflict is both a toxic stress and a significant social determinant of child health. In this Technical Report, we review the available knowledge on the effects of armed conflict on children and support the recommendations in the accompanying Policy Statement on children and armed conflict.

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Section: Environmental Hazardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Armed Conflict on Children

Kadir¹,

Shenoda²,

Goldhagen³

et al. 2018

Pediatrics

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“…UXOs have been described as small, colourful and toy-like, promoting child interaction and subsequent injury from handling, resulting in often fatal upper limb, head, neck or chest injury 24 25 31–33. Due to the social nature of children, these interactions commonly occur in groups, leading to multiple casualties in 45%–63% of events involving children compared with 30%–40% in adults 27 30 34…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite only comprising 0.3% of the anterior body surface, the eye is sensitive to blast injury, with ocular injuries in 4%–28% of children following trauma related to combat or ERW 34 36 43 45 59 62 65 66 71. In keeping with patterns of facial injury, an increased prevalence of eye injury is associated with blast injuries compared with GSW (13% vs 3%) 10.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Landmines are often associated with multiple foreign bodies on the conjunctiva, cornea and sclera, in addition to sight-threatening injuries such as enucleation or eye globe perforation 24. Monocular enucleation was observed in 4%, while bilateral enucleation, and hence blindness, was more common (14%) 24 34. Compared with adult victims of landmines and cluster bombs, children have more eye injuries (14% vs 8%)30 as well as twice the prevalence of eye globe perforation (28% vs 14%)67 and complete loss of vision (21% vs 10%) 25.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blast injuries in children: a mixed-methods narrative review

Hargrave

Pearce

Mayhew

et al. 2019

bmjpo

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Background and significanceBlast injuries arising from high explosive weaponry is common in conflict areas. While blast injury characteristics are well recognised in the adults, there is a lack of consensus as to whether these characteristics translate to the paediatric population. Understanding blast injury patterns in this cohort is essential for providing appropriate provision of services and care for this vulnerable cohort.MethodsIn this mixed-methods review, original papers were screened for data pertaining to paediatric injuries following blasts. Information on demographics, morbidity and mortality, and service requirements were evaluated. The papers were written and published in English from a range of international specialists in the field.ResultsChildren affected by blast injuries are predominantly male and their injuries arise from explosive remnants of war, particularly unexploded ordinance. Blasts show increased morbidity and mortality in younger children, while older children have injury patterns similar to adults. Head and burn injuries represent a significant cause of mortality in young children, while lower limb morbidity is reduced compared with adults. Children have a disproportionate requirement for both operative and non-operative service resources, and provisions for this burden are essential.ConclusionsCertain characteristics of paediatric injuries arising from blasts are distinct from that of the adult cohort, while the intensive demands on services highlight the importance of understanding the diverse injury patterns in order to optimise future service provisions in caring for this child blast survivor.

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“…Worldwide, government agencies are tasked to identify the evolving terror threats to national security such as improvised explosive devices (IEDs), concealed explosives, airborne chemical and biological materials without putting the people in harm. On the other hand, even after years of ending wars, unexploded explosives and landmines and other weapons are a threat to civilians 1 . To combat the rise in such terror activities globally, there is a need to improve the performance of explosive detection devices and their capabilities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%