Epidemiological profile of individuals diagnosed with HIV: results from the preliminary phase of case-based surveillance in Kenya

Harklerode, Richelle; Waruiru, Wanjiru; Humwa, Felix; Waruru, Anthony; Kellogg, Timothy A.; Muthoni, Lilly; Macharia, James; Zielinski-Gutiérrez, Emily

doi:10.1080/09540121.2019.1612021

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…Cases with MSM transmission were at lower risk of DHD than those of heterosexual transmission, and this is in accordance with recent studies indicating that MSM present with higher median CD4 levels compared to other risk groups [ 13 ]. The relative success in earlier diagnosis in HIV-positive MSM may be due to the Gates Foundation Project and Global Fund AIDS Project since 2008.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

HIV Detection and Delayed Diagnosis: A Time Series Analysis in China

Jun-fang

Zhou

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Background: Insufficient HIV detection and late presentation to antiretroviral therapy (ART) pose significant public health challenges. In China, universal access to HIV testing is available now. Under this background, we aim to analyze the trends of HIV detection and the prevalence of delayed HIV diagnosis (DHD) in order to provide evidence for HIV prevention and treatment in China. Methods: Data of HIV tests in Hangzhou city between 2007 and 2018 were collected from the Chinese National HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Response Information Management System (CRIMS). Descriptive statistics were used to describe the characteristics of HIV testing and detection and the prevalence of DHD among newly diagnosed HIV cases. Non-parametric tests were employed to examine the prevalence of DHD among newly diagnosed HIV cases. Moreover, logistic regression models were employed to explore the influencing factors of DHD. Results: Testing rates doubled from 14.1% in 2007–2010 to 28.2% in 2016–2018. The total positive rate of HIV tests was 5.3 per 10,000. Preoperative testing was the predominant pathway for HIV tests, accounting for 41.9%, followed by testing for health screening, maternal examination and other patients, accounting for 18.4%, 13.2% and 11.8%, respectively. Meanwhile, the predominant pathway for HIV case detection was also preoperative testing, accounting for 29.1%, followed by testing for other patients, testing at STD clinics and VCT, with the proportions of 18.8%, 15.8% and 13.6%, respectively. MSM (men who have sex with men) contact was the main transmission route, accounting for 55.3%, followed by heterosexual contact, accounting for 41.6%. Overall, DHD occurred in 29.0% of the newly diagnosed cases, and this rate had not improved over the years. A higher prevalence of DHD was found in those diagnosed through a pre-test for receiving blood/products [OR (95%CI): 5.42(2.95–9.97)], detection of other patients [OR (95%CI): 2.08(1.64–2.63)], preoperative testing [OR (95%CI): 1.83(1.44–2.32)] and spouse or sexual partner testing in positive person [OR (95%CI): 1.93(1.34–2.78)] compared with those diagnosed at a VCT clinic. Heterosexuals [OR (95%CI): 1.20(1.06–1.36)] had a higher risk of DHD than MSM. Diagnosis at a CDC [OR (95%CI): 0.68(0.55–0.83)] and community health centers [OR (95%CI): 0.54(0.39–0.75)] had a lower risk of DHD than in hospitals. Older age, males, being single/divorced or widowed and floating population were also associated with DHD. Conclusions: In China, DHD had not improved in the last 10 years, although HIV testing had been expanded. Therefore, it is important for continued efforts to promote early diagnosis of HIV to prevent transmission, morbidity and early mortality in HIV infection.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

HIV Detection and Delayed Diagnosis: A Time Series Analysis in China

Jun-fang

Zhou

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…Our study group’s mean CD4 count was 300.45 cells/mm 3 , and 53.0% of those newly diagnosed with HIV who had received a CD4 test and were 15 years old or older did so at a late stage, with 32.9% already having advanced HIV. Being male and older than 34 years of age were two characteristics linked to a late diagnosis [ 18 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profile of Newly Diagnosed Patients with HIV Infection in North-Eastern Romania

et al. 2023

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Background and Objectives: Human immunodeficiency virus infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) pandemic are unquestionably the most serious public crisis of our time. Identifying, preventing, and treating HIV-associated comorbidities remains a challenge that must be addressed even in the era of antiretroviral therapy. Materials and Methods: In this study, we aimed to characterize the aspects of newly diagnosed patients with HIV/AIDS, during 2021–2022 in Northeastern Romania. We reviewed the frequency and associated comorbidities of these patients in correspondence with national and global results. Results: Our study found that of all newly diagnosed HIV cases (167 cases—74 cases in 2021 and 98 cases in 2022), 49.70% were diagnosed with HIV infection and 50.30% had AIDS. Based on sex correlated with the CD4+ T-lymphocyte level, the most affected were males, with a lower CD4+ T-lymphocyte level overall. The average HIV viral load was 944,689.55 copies/mL. Half of males had an abnormal ALT or AST (39.53% and 49.61%); as for the females, less than a quarter had an increased value of ALT or AST, respectively (18% and 26%). The most frequent co-infections were as follows: oral candidiasis (34.73% of patients), hepatitis B (17.37% of patients), and SARS-CoV-2 infection (8.38%), followed by hepatitis C (6.39%), tuberculosis (TB), syphilis, toxoplasmosis, Cryptococcus, Cytomegalovirus infections. Males were more affected than females, with a higher percentage of co-infections. The prescribed antiretroviral treatment focused on a single-pill regimen (79.04%) to ensure adherence, effectiveness, and safety. Therefore, 20.96% had been prescribed a regimen according to their comorbidities. Conclusions: Our study found a concerning rise in the incidence of HIV in 2022 compared to that in 2021 in Northeastern Romania, because of the rise in post-SARS-CoV-2 pandemic addressability. Advanced immunodeficiency and the burden of opportunistic infections characterize newly diagnosed HIV patients. The physicians should keep in mind that these patients may have more than one clinical condition at presentation.

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