Epidemiological profile of India: Historical and contemporary perspectives

Gupte, M. D.; Ramachandran, Vidiya; Mutatkar, R. K.

doi:10.1007/bf02704746

Cited by 38 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Structural changes in overall disease patterns over a period of 30 years and more, with the concomitant transformation in the age pattern of morbidity and mortality, resulted in significant structural changes in causes of death (50–53). During the 1970s and 1980s, infectious and parasitic diseases were the dominant cause of death in India.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding epidemiological transition in India

Yadav¹,

Arokiasamy

2014

Global Health Action

126

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BackgroundOmran's theory explains changing disease patterns over time predominantly from infectious to chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). India's epidemiological transition is characterized by dual burden of diseases. Kumar addressed low mortality and high morbidity in Kerala, which seems also to be true for India as a country in the current demographic scenario.MethodsNSS data (1986–1987, 1995–1996, 2004) and aggregated data on causes of death provided by Registrar General India (RGI) were used to examine the structural changes in morbidity and causes of death. A zero-inflated poisson (ZIP) regression model and a beta-binomial model were used to corroborate the mounting age pattern of morbidity. Measures, namely the 25th and 75th percentiles of age-at-death and modal age-at-death, were used to examine the advances in mortality transition.ObjectiveThis study addressed the advances in epidemiological transition via exploring the structural changes in pattern of diseases and progress in mortality transition.ResultsThe burden of NCDs has been increasing in old age without replacing the burden of communicable diseases. The manifold rise of chronic diseases in recent decades justifies the death toll and is responsible for transformation in the age pattern of morbidity. Over time, deaths have been concentrated near the modal age-at-death. Modal age-at-death increased linearly by 5 years for females (r2=0.9515) and males (r2=0.9020). Significant increase in modal age-at-death ascertained the dominance of old age mortality over the childhood/adult age mortality.ConclusionsIndia experiences a dual burden of diseases associated with a remarkable transformation in the age pattern of morbidity and mortality, contemporaneous with structural changes in disease patterns. Continued progress in the pattern of diseases and mortality transition, accompanied by a linear rise in ex, unravels a compelling variation in advances found so far in epidemiological transition witnessed by the developed nations, with similar matrices for India.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding epidemiological transition in India

Yadav¹,

Arokiasamy

2014

Global Health Action

126

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“…The incidence of many vaccine preventable diseases has been reduced drastically in India, and this decline has largely been attributed to the widespread vaccination of children under 5 years in the country. However, these diseases still continue to constitute nearly 6.7% of disability-adjusted life year (DALY) losses due to communicable diseases in India (Gupte et al 2001). A considerable number of cases of diphtheria (10,231), pertussis (43,955), measles (52,454), tetanus (3,543 with 891 cases of neonatal tetanus) and polio (66) was reported in India in 2005 (WHO 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunization coverage in tribal and rural areas of Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh, India

Varma

Kusuma

2008

J Public Health

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Objective This paper aims to report and compare the immunization coverage of various vaccines among tribal and rural children in a distinct socio-economic environment in India. Methods The study was conducted in two tribal and two rural developmental blocks of Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh, India, by employing both qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques. Data collected included the immunisation coverage and the associated socio-demographic factors. Results The majority of mothers was aware of vaccination of children, and usually the primary heath centres and their health workers were the source of vaccination. Vaccination cards were received by 79.2% of tribal and 71.3% of rural children. Some of the socio-demographic characters of mothers, such as habitat, caste and occupation, were associated with the reception of a vaccination card. The coverage of various vaccines was higher among the tribal than among the rural population. Of the eligible children aged above 9 months, 63.3% of tribal children and only 14.5% of rural children were fully vaccinated [three doses of diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT), four doses of oral polio vaccine, Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) and measles vaccine]. The coverage of vaccination against measles and vitamin-A supplementation were very low among rural children (19.6% and 15.2%, respectively) when compared to tribal children (69.2% and 64.2%, respectively). The qualitative data indicated that the community was not satisfied with regard to vaccination services, particularly in the rural area. Conclusion The coverage of various vaccines was moderate in tribal areas and poor in rural areas. The sole dependence on and demand for public health services was responsible for relatively better coverage of immunisation in tribal areas compared to rural areas where the private sector plays a major role. The existing strategies of health-care delivery including delivery of vaccination services need to be examined and improved. Improvements in physical access, infrastructure, quality of care and increased use of mass media and interpersonal communication are indispensable for improvement in the provision of services.

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“…1 It is the leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality in Indian women, accounting for 25% of new cases and 23% of deaths due to cancer. 2,3 The majority present with a locally advanced stage of the disease because of low socioeconomic status, illiteracy, lack of screening procedures, and lack of awareness in India. Cytokines play a key role in the regulation of cells of the immune system and also have been implicated in the pathogenesis of malignant disease, including cervical cancer.…”

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confidence: 99%