Epidemiological, parasitological and molecular aspects of Giardia duodenalis infection in children attending public daycare centers in southeastern Brazil

Genotipos de Giardia duodenalis en niños de las guarderías del Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar y de caninos en Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia

“…Gel de poliacrilamida al 6 % teñido con bromuro de etidio que muestra los fragmentos de restricción del producto de 753 pb del gen de la beta giardina con la enzima de restricción Hae III M: marcador de tamaño molecular de 100 pb; (25) la alta prevalencia en hogares infantiles sugiere un patrón similar al observado en infecciones entéricas bacterianas, las cuales aparecen en un niño, se difunden rápidamente y permanecen en el ambiente como fuentes de infección.…”

Prevalence and risk factors for intestinal parasite infections in schoolchildren, in the city of Santarém, Pará State, Brazil

“…Studies in Brazil have shown that frequency of helminths and protozoa pathogens in children is high, and that the problem needs to be confronted directly and seriously [5][6][7][8] . Most infections caused by intestinal parasites go unnoticed for years, and this is one of the causes of neglect and lack of immediate treatment.…”

“…In many cities in Pará State, Brazil, this problem can be more severely present, because most of the population do not have running water, and no sewage treatment, as all cities' sewage flows into the rivers and streams surrounding towns 8 .…”

Emergent and re-emergent parasites in HIV-infected children: immunological and socio-environmental conditions that are involved in the transmission of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp.

“…Different factors may contribute to intestinal parasite transmission, including children's hand-to-mouth habits, interpersonal contact in daycare facilities, sanitation status, poor personal and/or food hygiene, and contact with parasite-infected people and/or animals (2) (4) (5) . However, there is little systematic data regarding the parasitological, immunological, and socioenvironmental conditions of human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV)-infected children, or regarding these factors' relationships with have emerging and re-emerging intestinal protozoans, which exhibit high persistence and infectivity in vulnerable populations.…”

“…Therefore, families who live in poor sanitary conditions and exhibit inadequate hygiene habits are believed to be undergoing constant infection and re-infection by those protozoans (5) . However, Ribeirão Preto's public water supply comes from the Guarani Aquifer, which is an underground source of high-quality water (10) .…”