Epidemiological investigation of the jaundice outbreak in Lalkuan, Nainital district, Uttarakhand

Abstract

Background:In March 2013, cases of acute hepatitis were reported from Lalkuan, Nainital district. We investigated the outbreak to identify the source of infection and to facilitate control measures.Objectives:To study the distribution of hepatitis cases, to find the source of infection, and to initiate the control measures in the affected area.Materials and Methods:We defined a case of acute hepatitis as those cases that had jaundice with at least one of the following symptoms: Dark urine, fever, pain in abdomen, vomiting, and loss of appetite in the affected area between January and March 2013. Door-to-door survey was carried out. Thirteen blood samples were randomly collected from jaundice cases for immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody for hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV). Water samples were collected to test residual chlorine.Results:Total 2,785 individuals were surveyed; of which 240 were suffering from acute viral hepatitis (attack rate (AR) = 8.61%). Out of 13 serum samples, 10 were found positive for HEV IgM antibodies and three cases had IgM antibodies for both HAV and HEV, which confirmed a hepatitis E outbreak. The difference in attack rate of hepatitis of both the sexes was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The attack rate was significantly higher in age groups >12 years of age (P < 0.001). Environmental investigation also confirmed the sewage contamination of drinking water in the distribution system. The attack rate was much higher (29.4%) among those who were exposed to the leaking pipeline than the nonexposed (χ2 = 574.26, P < 0.01).Conclusion:HEV was confirmed as the major etiological agent in this outbreak that was transmitted by contaminated drinking water. The recognition of early warning signals, timely investigation, and application of specific control measures can contain the outbreak.

The global burden of hepatitis E outbreaks: a systematic review

“…From 1975 to 1994, India experienced 21 HEV outbreaks, 13 of them (62%) reported more than 1000 of suspected cases. The most recent epidemic in India was reported from Lalkuan (Nainital District, Uttarakahand) with approximately 240 suspected cases . The attack rate ranged from 0.34% to 8.61% .…”

“…The most recent epidemic in India was reported from Lalkuan (Nainital District, Uttarakahand) with approximately 240 suspected cases . The attack rate ranged from 0.34% to 8.61% . There were only three outbreaks that reported attack rate of more than 10%, i.e.…”

“…65 The attack rate ranged from 0.34% 37 to 8.61%. 65 There were only three outbreaks that reported attack rate of more than 10%, i.e. Saharanpur, 1992-1993 (14%); 45 Nainital district, Uttarakhand, July 2005 (16%); 56 and Baramulla district, Kashmir, 2007-2008 (21.6%).…”

“…Leakage of water pipeline (broken, poor construction) [18,22,31,38,41,45,49,51,53,54,[57][58][59]61,64,65] Failure of water treatment [24,27,40,43,45,52,60,70] Use of untreated water from river, spring [12,17,56,91,96] Flooding, heavy rainfall [19,31,69,75] Leakage of sewage pipelines [38,55] Food contamination [101] a Two district affected. b One province affected.…”

“…Repair of water pipelines [26,45,46,49,53,57,59,61,62,65] 3 Improving general hygienic precautions (handwashing, boiling water) [26,38,65,68,75,83] 4…”