Epidemiological features of an outbreak of gastroenteritis/cholera in Katsina, Northern Nigeria

Umoh, J. U.; Adesiyun, Abiodun A.; Adekeye, J.O.; Nadarajah, M

doi:10.1017/s0022172400060083

Cited by 25 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…The health implications of waterborne coliform contamination cannot be overemphasized. The presence of coliforms in water is an indication of fecal contami- nation and has been associated with waterborne epidemics in humans (1,4,25). The rather high proportion of households supplied with treated pipeborne water distributed by WASA that is unfit for human consumption may be a reflection of several factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial quality of water in rural communities of Trinidad

Welch¹,

David²,

Clarke³

et al. 2000

Rev Panam Salud Publica

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A cross-sectional study was conducted in four rural communities of northeastern Trinidad to determine the microbial quality of water supply to households and that quality's relationship to source and storage device. Of the 167 household water samples tested, total coliforms were detected in 132 of the samples (79.0%), fecal coliforms in 102 (61.1%), and E. coli in 111 (66.5%). There were significant differences among the towns in the proportion of the samples contaminated with coliforms (P < 0.001) and E. coli (P < 0.001). Of 253 strains of E. coli studied, 4 (1.6%) were mucoid, 9 (3.6%) were hemolytic, and 37 (14.6%) were nonsorbitol fermenters. Of 69 isolates of E. coli tested, 10 (14.5%) were verocytotoxigenic. Twenty-eight (14.0%) of 200 E. coli isolates tested belonged to enteropathogenic serogroups. Standpipe, the most common water source, was utilized by 57 (34.1%) of the 167 households. Treated water (pipeborne in homes, standpipes, or truckborne) was supplied to 119 households (71.3%), while 48 households (28.7%) used water from untreated sources (rain, river/stream, or well) as their primary water supply. The type of household storage device was associated with coliform contamination. Water stored in drums, barrels, or buckets was more likely to harbor fecal coliforms (74.2% of samples) than was water stored in tanks (53.3% of samples), even after controlling for water source (P = 0.04). Compared with water from other sources, water piped into homes was significantly less likely to be contaminated with total coliforms (56.9% versus 88.8%, P < 0.001) and fecal coliforms (41.2% versus 69.8%, P < 0.01), even when the type of storage device was taken into account. However, fecal contamination was not associated with whether the water came from a treated or untreated source. We concluded that the drinking water in rural communities in Trinidad was grossly unfit for human consumption, due both to contamination of various water sources and during household water storage.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial quality of water in rural communities of Trinidad

Welch¹,

David²,

Clarke³

et al. 2000

Rev Panam Salud Publica

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“…3 In this Cholera is endemic in Nigeria. 2,3,11,12 This follows the worldwide cholera epidemic of 1970. 12 With rapid urbanisation and population growth, coupled with inadequate sanitation, inadequate water supply and poor sewage disposal, most towns in Nigeria are at risk of cholera outbreaks.…”

Section: < 1 1-4 5-9 ≥10mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typically, cholera outbreaks are associated with situations in which the water supply is unsafe and excreta disposal habits favour contamination. 11 Roughly a week before the occurrence of the current outbreak, there were episodes of torrential rainfall and flooding in the state.…”

Section: < 1 1-4 5-9 ≥10mentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of an outbreak of cholera in a south-west state of Nigeria

Fatiregun

Olowookere

Isere

et al. 2012

Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and Infection

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“…There is some evidence that cholera incidence in the Great Lakes Region of East Africa increases during abnormally warm El Niño events (18,19). Large cholera epidemics in Africa are also associated with both very dry and very wet conditions: dry conditions may force people to use unsafe drinking water sources (17,20,21), whereas flooding may facilitate fecal contamination of drinking water (22). This complexity combined with the lack of fine-scale data on cholera incidence and environmental covariates has limited our understanding of how climatic events, like El Niño, impact cholera incidence on the continent.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

El Niño and the shifting geography of cholera in Africa

Moore

Azman

Zaitchik

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and other climate patterns can have profound impacts on the occurrence of infectious diseases ranging from dengue to cholera. In Africa, El Niño conditions are associated with increased rainfall in East Africa and decreased rainfall in southern Africa, West Africa, and parts of the Sahel. Because of the key role of water supplies in cholera transmission, a relationship between El Niño events and cholera incidence is highly plausible, and previous research has shown a link between ENSO patterns and cholera in Bangladesh. However, there is little systematic evidence for this link in Africa. Using high-resolution mapping techniques, we find that the annual geographic distribution of cholera in Africa from 2000 to 2014 changes dramatically, with the burden shifting to continental East Africa—and away from Madagascar and portions of southern, Central, and West Africa—where almost 50,000 additional cases occur during El Niño years. Cholera incidence during El Niño years was higher in regions of East Africa with increased rainfall, but incidence was also higher in some areas with decreased rainfall, suggesting a complex relationship between rainfall and cholera incidence. Here, we show clear evidence for a shift in the distribution of cholera incidence throughout Africa in El Niño years, likely mediated by El Niño’s impact on local climatic factors. Knowledge of this relationship between cholera and climate patterns coupled with ENSO forecasting could be used to notify countries in Africa when they are likely to see a major shift in their cholera risk.

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Epidemiological features of an outbreak of gastroenteritis/cholera in Katsina, Northern Nigeria

Cited by 25 publications

References 8 publications

Microbial quality of water in rural communities of Trinidad

Microbial quality of water in rural communities of Trinidad

Epidemiology of an outbreak of cholera in a south-west state of Nigeria

El Niño and the shifting geography of cholera in Africa

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