Epidemiological characteristics of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV): a review

Dixon, Peter; Paley, Richard; Alegría-Morán, Raúl; Oidtmann, Birgit

doi:10.1186/s13567-016-0341-1

Cited by 126 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…Members of the Salmonidae family are the principle hosts for IHNV, in both fresh water and sea water, but nonsalmonids are also susceptible (Dixon et al . ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…It is the type species of the genus Novirhabdovirus in the family Rhabdoviridae. Members of the Salmonidae family are the principle hosts for IHNV, in both fresh water and sea water, but nonsalmonids are also susceptible (Dixon et al 2016). At a temperature of 4°C, depending on isolate, 100% of the virus was inactivated in untreated (=raw) river water after 56-72 days (C. Joiner, P. Dixon, G. Rimmer, R. Paley, and B. Oidtmann, unpubl.…”

Section: Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk of waterborne virus spread – review of survival of relevant fish and crustacean viruses in the aquatic environment and implications for control measures

Oidtmann

Dixon

Way

et al. 2017

Reviews in Aquaculture

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Aquatic animal diseases are a major constraint for increasing aquaculture production. Understanding the contribution of pathogen spread from infected aquaculture sites is critical in devising control measures in the event of an outbreak. We have reviewed the available literature on the persistence in the aquatic environment of several important viral pathogens of fish and crustaceans. These include infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus, infectious salmon anaemia virus, koi herpes virus, epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), Taura syndrome virus and yellow head virus. Some trends were common to all viruses: (i) viability declined with increasing temperature (at temperatures above 0°C); (ii) higher biological loading in water correlated with reduction in detectable viable viruses; and (iii) virus decay in water is a function of time. Most aquatic animal viruses (AAVs) remained viable for several days or weeks. WSSV is particularly stable. Comparison of studies investigating survival parameters was sometimes difficult because of the different methods employed and different ways in which the data were presented. Data gaps are identified and experimental methods employed for testing critically assessed. The information presented in this review is directly relevant to design effective control measures for AAVs and to explore measures that reduce the economic impact of disease caused by these important pathogens.

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“…Members of the Salmonidae family are the principle hosts for IHNV, in both fresh water and sea water, but nonsalmonids are also susceptible (Dixon et al . ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of waterborne virus spread – review of survival of relevant fish and crustacean viruses in the aquatic environment and implications for control measures

Oidtmann

Dixon

Way

et al. 2017

Reviews in Aquaculture

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“…Infections haematopoietic necrosis virus is a well‐known and significant threat to salmonid aquaculture and wild stocks. The virulence of IHNV has been found to vary with age, species and life stage of salmonid fish (Dixon, Paley, Alegria‐Moran, & Oidtmann, ; LaPatra, ). With an increasing number of IHNV co‐infections reported, the effects of concomitant infections need to be considered.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co‐infection of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus and Flavobacterium psychrophilum

Bruce

Oliver

et al. 2019

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Co-infection of rainbow trout with infections haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV)and Flavobacterium psychrophilum is known to occur, and it has been speculated that a combined infection can result in dramatic losses. Both pathogens can persist in fish in an asymptomatic carrier state, but the impact of co-infection has not been well characterized or documented. In this study, it was hypothesized that fish co-infected with F. psychrophilum and IHNV would exhibit greater mortality than fish infected with either pathogen alone. To test this, juvenile rainbow trout were co-infected with low doses of either IHNV or F. psychrophilum, and at 2 days post-initial challenge, they were given a low dose of the reciprocal pathogen. This combined infection caused high mortality (76.2%-100%), while mortality from a single pathogen infection with the same respective dose was low (5%-20%). The onset of mortality was earlier in the co-infected group (3-4 days) when compared with fish infected with F. psychrophilum alone (6 days) or IHNV (5 days), confirming the synergistic interaction between both pathogens. Co-infection led to a significant increase in the number of F. psychrophilum colony-forming units and IHNV plaque-forming units within tissues. This finding confirms that when present together in co-infected fish, both pathogens are more efficiently recovered from tissues. Furthermore, pathogen genes were significantly increased in co-infected groups, which parallel the findings of increased systemic pathogen load. Extensive tissue necrosis and abundant pathogen present intracellularly and extracellularly in haematopoietic tissue. This was pronounced in co-infected fish and likely contributed to the exacerbated clinical signs and higher mortality. This study provides novel insight into host-pathogen interactions related to co-infection by aquatic bacterial and viral pathogens and supports our hypothesis. Such findings confirm that mortality in fish exposed to both pathogens is greatly elevated compared to a single pathogen infection. K E Y W O R D S co-infection, Flavobacterium psychrophilum, IHNV, rainbow trout How to cite this article: Ma J, Bruce TJ, Oliver L, Cain KD. Co-infection of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus and Flavobacterium psychrophilum. J Fish Dis. 2019;42:1065-1076. https ://doi.

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“…In B.C., IHNV is primarily associated with sockeye salmon O. nerka although outbreaks have occurred in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in net-pen aquaculture operations (Saksida, 2006). Infection with IHNV induces a strong innate interferon response associated with a Th 1type immune response (Purcell, Laing, & Winton, 2012).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic osmoregulatory dysfunction during salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus co‐infection in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) smolts

Long

Garver

Jones

2019

Journal of Fish Diseases

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While co‐infections are common in both wild and cultured fish, knowledge of the interactive effects of multiple pathogens on host physiology, gene expression and immune response is limited. To evaluate the impact of co‐infection on host survival, physiology and gene expression, sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka smolts were infected with the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis (V−/SL+), infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV; V+/SL−), both (V+/SL+), or neither (V−/SL−). Survival in the V+/SL+ group was significantly lower than the V−/SL− and V−/SL+ groups (p = 0.024). Co‐infected salmon had elevated osmoregulatory indicators and lowered haematocrit values as compared to the uninfected control. Expression of 12 genes associated with the host immune response was analysed in anterior kidney and skin. The only evidence of L. salmonis‐induced modulation of the host antiviral response was down‐regulation of mhc I although the possibility of modulation cannot be ruled out for mx‐1 and rsad2. Co‐infection did not influence the expression of genes associated with the host response to L. salmonis. Therefore, we conclude that the reduced survival in co‐infected sockeye salmon resulted from the osmoregulatory consequences of the sea lice infections which were amplified due to infection with IHNV.

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Epidemiological characteristics of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV): a review

Cited by 126 publications

References 120 publications

Risk of waterborne virus spread – review of survival of relevant fish and crustacean viruses in the aquatic environment and implications for control measures

Risk of waterborne virus spread – review of survival of relevant fish and crustacean viruses in the aquatic environment and implications for control measures

Co‐infection of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus and Flavobacterium psychrophilum

Synergistic osmoregulatory dysfunction during salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus co‐infection in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) smolts

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