Epidemiological characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 cases: mortality inequalities by socio-economic status, Barcelona, Spain, 24 February to 4 May 2020

Politi, Julieta; Martín-Sánchez, Mario; Mercuriali, Lilas; Borras-Bermejo, Blanca; López‐Contreras, Joaquín; Vilella, Anna; Villar, J. Pablo Sáez; Orcau, Àngels; Olalla, Patricia García de; Rius, Cristina

doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.20.2001138

Cited by 31 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Among five measures of area-level SES, the areas with a higher level of basic livelihood security recipients and nonemployment rate showed a higher risk of COVID-19 incidence; however, an association was not observed for other area-level socioeconomic measures. A partial observation of area-level socioeconomic inequalities in COVID-19 incidence differs from most previous studies from the United States (32), the United Kingdom (20), and Spain (33,34), and is similar to a previous Korean study (35) in which no or a partial association was observed. Inconsistency in inequalities in COVID-19 incidence across measures may possibly be interpreted using the socioeconomic context of Korea.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Socioeconomic Inequalities in COVID-19 Incidence During Different Epidemic Phases in South Korea

et al. 2022

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ObjectiveArea-level socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) incidence. However, the underlying mechanism of the association is context-specific, and the choice of measure is still important. We aimed to evaluate the socioeconomic gradient regarding COVID-19 incidence in Korea based on several area-level SES measures.MethodsCOVID-19 incidence and area-level SES measures across 229 Korean municipalities were derived from various administrative regional data collected between 2015 and 2020. The Bayesian negative binomial model with a spatial autocorrelation term was used to estimate the incidence rate ratio (IRR) and relative index of inequality (RII) of each SES factor, with adjustment for covariates. The magnitude of association was compared between two epidemic phases: a low phase (<100 daily cases, from May 6 to August 14, 2020) and a rebound phase (>100 daily cases, from August 15 to December 31, 2020).ResultsArea-level socioeconomic inequalities in COVID-19 incidence between the most disadvantaged region and the least disadvantaged region were observed for nonemployment rates [RII = 1.40, 95% credible interval (Crl) = 1.01–1.95] and basic livelihood security recipients (RII = 2.66, 95% Crl = 1.12–5.97), but were not observed for other measures in the low phase. However, the magnitude of the inequalities of these SES variables diminished in the rebound phase. A higher area-level mobility showed a higher risk of COVID-19 incidence in both the low (IRR = 1.67, 95% Crl = 1.26–2.17) and rebound phases (IRR = 1.28, 95% Crl = 1.14–1.44). When SES and mobility measures were simultaneously adjusted, the association of SES with COVID-19 incidence remained significant but only in the low phase, indicating they were mutually independent in the low phase.ConclusionThe level of basic livelihood benefit recipients and nonemployment rate showed social stratification of COVID-19 incidence in Korea. Explanation of area-level inequalities in COVID-19 incidence may not be derived only from mobility differences in Korea but, instead, from the country's own context.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Socioeconomic Inequalities in COVID-19 Incidence During Different Epidemic Phases in South Korea

et al. 2022

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“…Los estudios apenas aportaron datos desagregados por sexo 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 . Se observó un gradiente por el cual en las áreas socioeconómicamente más desfavorecidas (según la renta 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 u otros índices compuestos 8 , 16 , 17 , 18 ) se registraron incidencias de COVID-19 más altas. Se encontraron desigualdades aun utilizando unidades de análisis extensas y heterogéneas, como los distritos de las ciudades.…”

Section: Las Desigualdades Sociales En Los Contagios De Covid-19 En E...unclassified

“…En cuanto a los estudios sobre hospitalizaciones y mortalidad por COVID-19, los resultados fueron diversos. Un estudio con datos individuales describió que las tasas aumentaban a medida que lo hacía la privación 16 . Este mismo gradiente se ha descrito también para la mortalidad en el conjunto de Cataluña según la renta individual 10 .…”

Section: Las Desigualdades Sociales En Los Contagios De Covid-19 En E...unclassified

Desigualdades socioeconómicas y COVID-19 en España. Informe SESPAS 2022

et al. 2022

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“…People of color, 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 people with low socioeconomic status, 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 families with many members, 26 middle‐aged men, 27 and people from areas with higher population densities 28 , 29 seem to have higher infection rates. A low socioeconomic status 25 , 30 , 31 and male gender 27 may further be associated with a poorer prognosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic in Germany may represent the sum of a large number of local but independent epidemics each initiated by individuals aged 10–19 years, middle‐aged males, or elderly individuals

Häusler

Kleines

2022

Journal of Medical Virology

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Many epidemiological aspects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) pandemics, particularly those affecting children, are still sparsely elucidated. Data on the first pandemic phase during the year 2020 indicated that children might serve as a virus reservoir. We now analyzed data on more than 530 000 SARS‐CoV‐2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 12 503 anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody tests performed in the west of Germany until Week 4 of 2021. We show that children of at least 10 years of age may play a prominent role in the pandemic showing highest PCR‐positive rates in the first (Weeks 28–35), second (Weeks 42–48), and third wave (Week 50 of 2020–Week 2 2021) of the second pandemic phase, although the waves were not mainly initiated by children. The waves' kinetics differed even in nearby cities. Low PCR‐positive rates were confined to areas of lower population density. PCR‐positive rates were higher among middle‐aged males compared with women and among very old females compared with males. From Week 25, seroprevalence rates slowly increased to 50%, indicating ongoing virus activity. In conclusion, the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemics is characterized by many local but interacting epidemics, initiated and driven by different social groups. Children may not be the main initiators of virus spreading but older children may significantly affect the course of the pandemic. High population density is associated with higher SARS‐CoV‐2 incidence.

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Epidemiological characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 cases: mortality inequalities by socio-economic status, Barcelona, Spain, 24 February to 4 May 2020

Cited by 31 publications

References 31 publications

Socioeconomic Inequalities in COVID-19 Incidence During Different Epidemic Phases in South Korea

Socioeconomic Inequalities in COVID-19 Incidence During Different Epidemic Phases in South Korea

Desigualdades socioeconómicas y COVID-19 en España. Informe SESPAS 2022

The SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic in Germany may represent the sum of a large number of local but independent epidemics each initiated by individuals aged 10–19 years, middle‐aged males, or elderly individuals

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