Epidemiological characteristics and antibiotic resistance mechanisms of Streptococcus pneumoniae: An updated review

Li, Lifeng; Ma, Jiayue; Yu, Zengyuan; Li, Mingchao; Zhang, Wancun; Sun, Haixia

doi:10.1016/j.micres.2022.127221

Cited by 28 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…Antibiotics are the treatment of choice for human diseases caused by Sp, but to avoid the overuse of antibiotics, the most aggressive response to such diseases is vaccination. Vaccination can not only improve the utilization efficiency of medical resources under limited conditions, but also greatly reduce the damage caused by unnecessary diseases [ 4 , 5 ]. Currently, Sp vaccines are mainly polysaccharide vaccines, based on the CPS of Sp, and polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The bacterium is Gram-positive and was first isolated from the sputum of a patient in 1881, and PD caused by Sp is one of the major causes of death among young children and the elderly [ 3 ]. In recent years, there have been increasing reports of Sp resistance, which brings difficulties to the treatment of pneumonia [ 4 , 5 ]. Therefore, vaccination is the most cost-effective option.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanisms of Immune-Related Long Non-Coding RNAs in Spleens of Mice Vaccinated with 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (PPV23)

et al. 2023

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The 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PPV23) is a classical common vaccine used to prevent pneumococcal disease. In past decades, it was thought that vaccination with this vaccine induces humoral immunity, thereby reducing the disease associated with infection with 23 common serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp). However, for this polysaccharide vaccine, the mechanism of immune response at the transcriptional level has not been fully studied. To identify the lncRNAs (long noncoding RNAs) and mRNAs in spleens related to immunity after PPV23 vaccination in mice, high-throughput RNA sequencing of spleens between a PPV23 treatment group and a control group were performed and evaluated in this study. The RNA-seq results identified a total of 41,321 mRNAs and 34,375 lncRNAs, including 55 significantly differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs and 389 DE lncRNAs (p < 0.05) between the two groups. GO and KEGG annotation analysis indicated that the target genes of DE lncRNAs and DE mRNAs were related to T-cell costimulation, positive regulation of alpha–beta T-cell differentiation, the CD86 biosynthetic process, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, indicating that the polysaccharide component antigens of PPV23 might activate a cellular immune response during the PPV23 immunization process. Moreover, we found that Trim35 (tripartite motif containing 35), a target gene of lncRNA MSTRG.9127, was involved in regulating immunity. Our study provides a catalog of lncRNAs and mRNAs associated with immune cells’ proliferation and differentiation, and they deserve further study to deepen the understanding of the biological processes in the regulation of PPV23 during humoral immunity and cellular immunity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Immune-Related Long Non-Coding RNAs in Spleens of Mice Vaccinated with 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (PPV23)

et al. 2023

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“…World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the pneumococcus is one of the top priority pathogens that urgently requires novel antimicrobial strategies due to the spread of pneumococcal resistant clones to beta-lactams, macrolides, fluoroquinolone, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim worldwide [ 69 , 70 ].…”

Section: Influenza Vaccines and Cancer-related Outcomes During Icismentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccination for seasonal influenza, pneumococcal infection and SARS-CoV-2 in patients with solid tumors: recommendations of the Associazione Italiana di Oncologia Medica (AIOM)

Pedrazzoli¹,

Lasagna²,

Cassaniti³

et al. 2023

ESMO Open

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“…However, S . pneumoniae has developed resistance to multiple antibiotics including penicillin, macrolides, fluoroquinolone, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim [ 50 ]. The emergence of non-vaccine serotypes after the introduction of PCV, together with increased antibiotic resistance in these serotypes, has become a global threat [ 51 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The management of pneumococcal infections in clinical practice frequently involves the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, typically a combined therapy of β-lactams and macrolides [49]. However, S. pneumoniae has developed resistance to multiple antibiotics including penicillin, macrolides, fluoroquinolone, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim [50]. The emergence of non-vaccine serotypes after the introduction of PCV, together with increased antibiotic resistance in these serotypes, has become a global threat [51].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pneumolysin as a target for new therapies against pneumococcal infections: A systematic review

et al. 2023

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Background This systematic review evaluates pneumolysin (PLY) as a target for new treatments against pneumococcal infections. Pneumolysin is one of the main virulence factors produced by all types of pneumococci. This toxin (53 kDa) is a highly conserved protein that binds to cholesterol in eukaryotic cells, forming pores that lead to cell destruction. Methods The databases consulted were MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus. Articles were independently screened by title, abstract, and full text by two researchers, and using consensus to resolve any disagreements that occurred. Articles in other languages different from English, patents, cases report, notes, chapter books and reviews were excluded. Searches were restricted to the years 2000 to 2021. Methodological quality was evaluated using OHAT framework. Results Forty-one articles describing the effects of different molecules that inhibit PLY were reviewed. Briefly, the inhibitory molecules found were classified into three main groups: those exerting a direct effect by binding and/or blocking PLY, those acting indirectly by preventing its effects on host cells, and those whose mechanisms are unknown. Although many molecules are proposed as toxin blockers, only some of them, such as antibiotics, peptides, sterols, and statins, have the probability of being implemented as clinical treatment. In contrast, for other molecules, there are limited studies that demonstrate efficacy in animal models with sufficient reliability. Discussion Most of the studies reviewed has a good level of confidence. However, one of the limitations of this systematic review is the lack of homogeneity of the studies, what prevented to carry out a statistical comparison of the results or meta-analysis. Conclusion A panel of molecules blocking PLY activity are associated with the improvement of the inflammatory process triggered by the pneumococcal infection. Some molecules have already been used in humans for other purposes, so they could be safe for use in patients with pneumococcal infections. These patients might benefit from a second line treatment during the initial stages of the infection preventing acute respiratory distress syndrome and invasive pneumococcal diseases. Additional research using the presented set of compounds might further improve the clinical management of these patients.

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Epidemiological characteristics and antibiotic resistance mechanisms of Streptococcus pneumoniae: An updated review

Cited by 28 publications

References 108 publications

Mechanisms of Immune-Related Long Non-Coding RNAs in Spleens of Mice Vaccinated with 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (PPV23)

Mechanisms of Immune-Related Long Non-Coding RNAs in Spleens of Mice Vaccinated with 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (PPV23)

Vaccination for seasonal influenza, pneumococcal infection and SARS-CoV-2 in patients with solid tumors: recommendations of the Associazione Italiana di Oncologia Medica (AIOM)

Pneumolysin as a target for new therapies against pneumococcal infections: A systematic review

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