Epidemiological changes in tinea capitis over the sixty years of economic growth in China

Abstract

Economic development and urbanization of cities favor a shift of etiological agents from anthroponoses to zoonoses in contemporary China. Pets are becoming the most likely sources of infection in modern lifestyles, replacing the earlier human-to-human transmission mode. However, the latter transmission mode is still prevalent in less developed areas lacking adequate social and public health facilities.

Phylogeny of dermatophytes with genomic character evaluation of clinically distinct Trichophyton rubrum and T. violaceum

“…The fungus was also introduced to the Western world and became epidemic due to the preference of wearing closed leather shoes and sneakers as a part of modern life style ( Gräser et al., 2000 , Gräser et al., 2007 , Dismukes et al., 2003 ). In contrast, its close relative T. violaceum has remained in some endemic pockets in Africa and Asia as an agent of tinea capitis ( Zhan et al. 2015 ) and was brought to Europe mainly by scattered, recent immigration events; it shows no tendency to epidemic expansion ( Nenoff et al.…”

“…2014 ). In contrast to the globally widespread T. rubrum , T. violaceum as an endemic fungus is restricted to semiarid climate zones of the Mediterranean, Northern Africa, Iran and Northwestern and Southern China ( Ayanbimpe et al., 2008 , Patel and Schwartz, 2011 , Zhan et al., 2015 ). Using microsatellites, Ohst et al.…”

In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibility Profiles of 12 Antifungal Drugs against 55 Trichophyton schoenleinii Isolates from Tinea Capitis Favosa Patients in Iran, Turkey, and China

“…Anthropophilic Trichophyton schoenleinii is responsible for over 95% of favus cases (5). However, in rare instances, several anthropophilic (Trichophyton violaceum), zoophilic (Trichophyton quinckeanum and Trichophyton verrucosum), and geophilic (Microsporum gypseum) dermatophytes are reported as etiological agents of favus (1,6).…”

“…With the introduction of griseofulvin in 1958, the anthropophilic agents of tinea capitis, T. schoenleinii and Microsporum audouinii, were almost eradicated in most parts of the world (5)(6)(7). Currently, favus is common mainly in African countries-Nigeria (8) and Ethiopia (9)-and western China (5,10) and geographic regions where lifestyles are associated with malnutrition and poverty (11,12).…”

“…Currently, favus is common mainly in African countries-Nigeria (8) and Ethiopia (9)-and western China (5,10) and geographic regions where lifestyles are associated with malnutrition and poverty (11,12). The disease has also been reported sporadically in Iran (13), Turkey (14, 15), Western Europe (3), and South America (11).…”