Epidemiological associations between brachycephaly and upper respiratory tract disorders in dogs attending veterinary practices in England

O’Neill, Dan G.; Jackson, Caitlin; Guy, Jonathan; Church, David; McGreevy, Paul; Thomson, Peter; Brodbelt, David

doi:10.1186/s40575-015-0023-8

Cited by 78 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The impact of BOAS on the quality of life of brachycephalic breeds is significant. A recent epidemiological study found that “extreme brachycephalic dogs” such as bulldogs, French bulldogs, and pugs were significantly younger at death than moderately or nonbrachycephalic dogs and that brachycephalic deaths were more commonly associated with upper respiratory disorders compared with nonbrachycephalic deaths . This study may have underestimated the prevalence of upper respiratory disease because many owners believe their brachycephalic dogs do not have difficulties breathing …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

The impact of tongue dimension on air volume in brachycephalic dogs

2019

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Objective To compare the dimensions and density of the tongue in brachycephalic and mesaticephalic dog breeds and to document the relative extents of the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal airways occupied by the tongue and palatal tissues. Study design Case control study. Animals Sixteen brachycephalic dogs and 12 mesaticephalic dogs. Methods The volume of the tongue was measured with computed tomography in all dogs. Cross‐sectional areas of tongue, oropharynx, nasopharynx, and palatal soft tissue were evaluated at two levels, the caudal aspect of the hard palate and the level of the hamulae of the pterygoid. Density of the tongue and soft palate were measured. All variables were compared between brachycephalic and mesaticephalic dogs (P ≤ .05). Results Absolute tongue volumes did not differ between groups, the volume of the tongue was greater in brachycephalic dogs than in mesaticephalic dogs when expressed relative to (a) body weight (median 5650, interquartile range [IQR] 4833‐6522 vs median 4454, IQR 4309‐4743, respectively), (b) ratio between skull length/width (70 833, IQR 62490‐126 209 vs 48 064, IQR 22984‐64 279, respectively), and (c) skull length (689.93, IQR 618.55‐970.61 vs 460.04, IQR 288.77‐561.69, respectively). The proportion of air (oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal)/soft tissue (tongue and palatal tissue) in brachycephalic dogs was decreased by approximately 60%, and the tongue was approximately 10 times denser in brachycephalic dogs than in mesaticephalic dogs. Conclusion A relative macroglossia was detected in brachycephalic dogs along with reduced air volume in the upper airway. Tongues of brachycephalic dogs were denser than those of mesaticephalic dogs. Clinical significance The relative macroglossia in brachycephalic breeds may contribute to upper airway obstruction.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

The impact of tongue dimension on air volume in brachycephalic dogs

2019

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“…In a 2013 American Kennel Club census, 12 of 14 cities reported brachycephalic breeds in the top five of their most frequently registered breeds, and an exponential rise in brachycephalic breed ownership has been identified via UK kennel club registrations . Epidemiological studies have found that brachycephalic dogs die younger than other breeds, with a higher proportion of deaths related to upper respiratory tract dysfunction . The numerous anatomic airway abnormalities of brachycephalic breeds have been well characterized, and the resulting compromise to respiratory function frequently prompts surgical referral.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and validation of a brachycephalic risk (BRisk) score to predict the risk of complications in dogs presenting for surgical treatment of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome

Tarricone

Hayes

Singh³

et al. 2019

Veterinary Surgery

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Objective To develop and validate a preoperative brachycephalic risk (BRisk) score that objectively and accurately predicts the risk of major complications or death in dogs undergoing corrective surgery for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS). Study design Retrospective multicenter cohort study. Sample population Score development n = 233 dogs, validation n = 50 dogs. Methods Data were collected on signalment, medical history, reason for presentation, physical examination, and preoperative diagnostic findings. The primary outcome measures included risk of major complications (requirement for postoperative oxygen support for >48 hours or postoperative temporary/permanent tracheostomy) or death within the hospitalization period. The score was developed by using data from two centers and was validated in a third center. The 10‐point BRisk score was modeled on breed, history of previous surgery, concurrent procedures, body condition score, airway status, and admission rectal temperature. Results The score was associated with negative outcome (P < .0001) and discriminated well in both the construction (area under the receiver operator characteristic [AUROC] = 0.83) and validation groups (AUROC = 0.84). Dogs with scores >3 were 9.1 times more likely to have a negative outcome (95% CI = 3.9–21.2) compared with dogs with scores ≤3. Conclusion The BRisk score developed from admission data in this study accurately rated the risk of negative outcome of dogs undergoing corrective surgery for BOAS. Clinical significance Preoperative determination of the BRisk score may assist triage, management of owner expectations, decision making regarding intervention selection, and characterization of populations in clinical research.

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“…In addition to French bulldogs, pugs and bulldogs also are reported to be highly predisposed to BOAS . Although the differences in anatomy and BOAS lesion sites among the 3 extremely brachycephalic breeds have been investigated recently, studies on respiratory characteristics in different brachycephalic breeds are limited.…”

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confidence: 99%

Whole‐Body Barometric Plethysmography Characterizes Upper Airway Obstruction in 3 Brachycephalic Breeds of Dogs

Liu

Adams²,

Kalmár

et al. 2016

Veterinary Internal Medicne

120

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BackgroundA novel test using whole‐body barometric plethysmography (WBBP) was developed recently to diagnose brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) in unsedated French bulldogs.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe hypotheses of this study were: (1) respiratory characteristics are different between healthy nonbrachycephalic dogs and brachycephalic dogs; and among pugs, French bulldogs, and bulldogs; and (2) obesity and stenotic nares are risk factors for BOAS. The main objective was to establish a diagnostic test for BOAS in these 3 breeds.AnimalsA total of 266 brachycephalic dogs (100 pugs, 100 French bulldogs, and 66 bulldogs) and 28 nonbrachycephalic dogs.MethodsProspective study. Exercise tolerance tests with respiratory functional grading, and WBBP were performed on all dogs. Data from WBBP were associated with functional grades to train quadratic discriminant analysis tools to assign dogs to BOAS+ and BOAS‐ groups. A BOAS index (0–100%) was calculated for each dog. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate classification ability.ResultsMinute volume was decreased significantly in asymptomatic pugs (P = .009), French bulldogs (P = .026), and bulldogs (P < .0001) when compared to nonbrachycephalic controls. Respiratory characteristics were different among breeds and affected dogs had a significant increase in trace variation. The BOAS index predicted BOAS status for each breed with 94–97% (95% confidence interval [CI], 88.9–100%) accuracy (area under the ROC curve). Both obesity (P = .04) and stenotic nares (P = .004) were significantly associated with BOAS.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe WBBP can be used as a clinical tool to diagnose BOAS noninvasively and objectively.

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Epidemiological associations between brachycephaly and upper respiratory tract disorders in dogs attending veterinary practices in England

Cited by 78 publications

References 31 publications

The impact of tongue dimension on air volume in brachycephalic dogs

The impact of tongue dimension on air volume in brachycephalic dogs

Development and validation of a brachycephalic risk (BRisk) score to predict the risk of complications in dogs presenting for surgical treatment of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome

Whole‐Body Barometric Plethysmography Characterizes Upper Airway Obstruction in 3 Brachycephalic Breeds of Dogs

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