Epidemiological assessment of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection

AlMadhi, Marwa; Alsayyad, Adel Salman; Conroy, Ronán; Atkin, Stephen L.; Alawadhi, Abdulla; Al‐Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; AlQahtani, Manaf

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2022.07.075

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…In contrast, single epidemiological studies from Bahrain, Austria, Liberia, and Saudi Arabia have produced results that confirm the trends described by our research group [18][19][20][21].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…In Bahrain, of the 1362 cases of reinfection, 46.4% occurred later than 9 months after the initial infection, and only 20.6% occurred between 3 and 6 months after the original infection. In addition, the number of reinfection cases showed a linear decline as the time between infection and reinfection shortened [ 19 ]. The Austrian report showed that the average time between infections was 212±25 days, although the study was limited in that all reinfection cases examined were from the second wave of the pandemic (which occurred only 5 months after the end of the first) and there were only 40 cases in total [ 20 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reinfections from SARS-CoV-2: A Retrospective Study from the Gyncentrum Genetic Laboratory in Sosnowiec, Poland, April 2020 to July 2022

Morawiec¹,

Bednarska-Czerwińska²,

Pudełko³

et al. 2023

Med Sci Monit

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Background:The increasing number of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reinfections has opened a new research direction related to analyzing long-term immune response and accurately characterizing individual cases of reinfection to understand its mechanism and estimate the risk of widespread reinfection both locally and globally. This retrospective study from the Gyncentrum Genetic Laboratory in Sosnowiec, Poland aimed to evaluate reinfections from SARS-CoV-2 between April 2020 and July 2022. Material/Methods:The study extended the previously published report on SARS-CoV-2 infection cases in Poland by analyzing 8041 reinfections diagnosed with real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. Data were collected on the amount of time elapsed from the first infection to the next and, based on these data, all results were divided into several groups for statistical analysis: 0-44, 45-90, 91-200, 201-310, 311-420, and >420 (days). Results:The study showed that of the 8041 patients who experienced reinfection, the vast majority (5505) became reinfected more than 310 days after the original infection, even though the average time between infections was 354.3 days. Statistical analysis revealed that the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection increases with time and that this relationship becomes statistically significant after the 200 th day following the initial infection (p<0.01). Conclusions:We have shown that acquired immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection is relatively short-lived -it starts diminishing about 6 months after the initial positive test. Moreover, the risk of reinfection is very high more than 1 year after the initial infection.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinfections from SARS-CoV-2: A Retrospective Study from the Gyncentrum Genetic Laboratory in Sosnowiec, Poland, April 2020 to July 2022

Morawiec¹,

Bednarska-Czerwińska²,

Pudełko³

et al. 2023

Med Sci Monit

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“…Whether there are existing memory cells, that can proliferate, produce neutralizing antibodies, and control the pathogen, needs to be properly understood. 136,204 Besides this, the recent rise of COVID-19 cases raises concern about the ability of the memory B cells to mount effective recall response and protection. Convalescent COVID-19 patients exhibit seroconversion, which means that they should be better protected from future infections.…”

Section: Re-infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even though most of us are vaccinated, SARS‐CoV‐2 continues to infect people. Whether there are existing memory cells, that can proliferate, produce neutralizing antibodies, and control the pathogen, needs to be properly understood 136,204 . Besides this, the recent rise of COVID‐19 cases raises concern about the ability of the memory B cells to mount effective recall response and protection.…”

Section: Immune Response During Re‐infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

To be remembered: B cell memory response against SARS‐CoV‐2 and its variants in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals

Ahmed,

Athavale,

Tripathi

et al. 2023

Scand J Immunol

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COVID‐19 disease has plagued the world economy and affected the overall well‐being and life of most of the people. Natural infection as well as vaccination leads to the development of an immune response against the pathogen. This involves the production of antibodies, which can neutralize the virus during future challenges. In addition, the development of cellular immune memory with memory B and T cells provides long‐lasting protection. The longevity of the immune response has been a subject of intensive research in this field. The extent of immunity conferred by different forms of vaccination or natural infections remained debatable for long. Hence, understanding the effectiveness of these responses among different groups of people can assist government organizations in making informed policy decisions. In this article, based on the publicly available data, we have reviewed the memory response generated by some of the vaccines against SARS‐CoV‐2 and its variants, particularly B cell memory in different groups of individuals.

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“…Furthermore, multiple risk factors for having severe reinfection have been identified, including lack of vaccination, older age, and a severe first episode of COVID-19. 6,20…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Reinfection Has Better Outcomes Than the First Infection in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

Solera,

Árbol,

Mittal

et al. 2024

Transplantation

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Background. Solid organ transplant recipients face an increased risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and are vulnerable to repeat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. In nonimmunocompromised individuals, SARS-CoV-2 reinfections are milder likely because of cross-protective immunity. We sought to determine whether SARS-CoV-2 reinfection exhibits milder manifestations than primary infection in transplant recipients. Methods. Using a large, prospective cohort of adult transplant patients with COVID-19, we identified patients with SARS-CoV-2 reinfections. We performed a 1:1 nearest neighbor propensity score matching to control potential confounders, including the COVID-19 variant. We compared outcomes including oxygen requirement, hospitalization, and intensive care unit admission within 30 d after diagnosis between patients with reinfection and those with the first episode of COVID-19. Results. Between 2020 and 2023, 103 reinfections were identified in a cohort of 1869 transplant recipients infected with SARS-CoV-2 (incidence of 2.7% per year). These included 50 kidney (48.5%), 27 lung (26.2%), 7 heart (6.8%), 6 liver (5.8%), and 13 multiorgan (12.6%) transplants. The median age was 54.5 y (interquartile range [IQR], 40.5–65.5) and the median time from transplant to first infection was 6.6 y (IQR, 2.8–11.2). The time between the primary COVID-19 and reinfection was 326 d (IQR, 226–434). Three doses or more of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine are received by 87.4% of patients. After propensity score matching, reinfections were associated with significantly lower hospitalization (5.8% versus 19.4%; risk ratio, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.12-0.71) and oxygen requirement (3.9% versus 13.6%; risk ratio, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.10-0.84). In a within-patient analysis only in the reinfection group, the second infection was milder than the first (3.9% required oxygen versus 19.4%, P < 0.0001), and severe first COVID-19 was the only predictor of severe reinfection. Conclusions. Transplant recipients with COVID-19 reinfection present better outcomes than those with the first infection, providing clinical evidence for the development of cross-protective immunity.

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Epidemiological assessment of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection

Cited by 17 publications

References 41 publications

Reinfections from SARS-CoV-2: A Retrospective Study from the Gyncentrum Genetic Laboratory in Sosnowiec, Poland, April 2020 to July 2022

Reinfections from SARS-CoV-2: A Retrospective Study from the Gyncentrum Genetic Laboratory in Sosnowiec, Poland, April 2020 to July 2022

To be remembered: B cell memory response against SARS‐CoV‐2 and its variants in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals

COVID-19 Reinfection Has Better Outcomes Than the First Infection in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

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