Epidemiological Analysis of Influenza A Infection in Cambodian Pigs and Recommendations for Surveillance Strategies

Netrabukkana, Punnaporn; Cappelle, Julien; Trevennec, Carlène; Roger, François; Goutard, Flavie; Buchy, Philippe; Robertson, Ian D.; Fenwick, Stan

doi:10.1111/tbed.12204

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Other studies have shown that TR H3N2 has potential for bidirectional transmission between humans and pigs and that five core genes from the TR internal gene cassette are carried by H1N1pdm09 (Garten et al, 2009). The TR H3N2 detected among pigs in this study has not previously been reported in Cambodia, but antibodies in pigs against human H3N2 have been described Netrabukkana et al, 2014). Interestingly, in the study by Rith et al (2013), all sera originating from pigs in Kampot province (n = 19) were seronegative to H1N1 and H3N2.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 48%

“…Since 2004, Cambodia has reported 44 poultry outbreaks and 56 human cases of HP H5N1, which has led to increased active and passive influenza surveillance (World Health Organization, , OIE (World Health Organization For Animal Health, ). The active surveillance in livestock has mainly targeted detection of HP H5N1 in poultry and the surrounding environment in live bird markets (Fournié et al., ; Horm et al., , ) and serological detection of human H1N1 and H2N3 antibodies in pigs (Rith et al., ; Netrabukkana et al., ). The surveillance methods used are applicable in Cambodia since influenza vaccination is prohibited in poultry and negligible in pigs (Theary et al., ; Netrabukkana et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The active surveillance in livestock has mainly targeted detection of HP H5N1 in poultry and the surrounding environment in live bird markets (Fournié et al., ; Horm et al., , ) and serological detection of human H1N1 and H2N3 antibodies in pigs (Rith et al., ; Netrabukkana et al., ). The surveillance methods used are applicable in Cambodia since influenza vaccination is prohibited in poultry and negligible in pigs (Theary et al., ; Netrabukkana et al., ). To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has examined the distribution of influenza virus in pigs and poultry reared by smallholders in Cambodia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Influenza A Virus in Backyard Pigs and Poultry in Rural Cambodia

Osbjer

Berg

Seng

et al. 2016

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Surveillance of influenza virus in humans and livestock is critical, given the worldwide public health threats and livestock production losses. Livestock farming involving close proximity between humans, pigs and poultry is often practised by smallholders in low-income countries and is considered an important driver of influenza virus evolution. This study determined the prevalence and genetic characteristics of influenza A virus (IAV) in backyard pigs and poultry in Cambodia. A total of 751 animals were tested by matrix gene-based rRT-PCR, and influenza virus was detected in 1.5% of sampled pigs, 1.4% of chickens and 1.0% of ducks, but not in pigeons. Full-length genome sequencing confirmed triple reassortant H3N2 in all IAV-positive pigs and various low pathogenic avian influenza subtypes in poultry. Phylogenetic analysis of the swine influenza viruses revealed that these had haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes originating from human H3N2 viruses previously isolated in South-East Asia. Phylogenetic analysis also revealed that several of the avian influenza subtypes detected were closely related to internal viral genes from highly pathogenic H5N1 and H9N2 formerly sequenced in the region. High sequence homology was likewise found with influenza A viruses circulating in pigs, poultry and wild birds in China and Vietnam, suggesting transboundary introduction and cocirculation of the various influenza subtypes. In conclusion, highly pathogenic subtypes of influenza virus seem rare in backyard poultry, but virus reassortment, involving potentially zoonotic and pandemic subtypes, appears to occur frequently in smallholder pigs and poultry. Increased targeted surveillance and monitoring of influenza circulation on smallholdings would further improve understanding of the transmission dynamics and evolution of influenza viruses in humans, pigs and poultry in the Mekong subregion and could contribute to limit the influenza burden.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 48%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Influenza A Virus in Backyard Pigs and Poultry in Rural Cambodia

Osbjer

Berg

Seng

et al. 2016

Transbound Emerg Dis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In Cambodia, while there are in uenza [21,22] and Japanese Encephalitis [23,24] studies in pigs and wildlife zoonoses [25] studies, which are collaborations between international organisations and government-funded research institutes, there is a general lack of published scienti c information on animal disease surveillance in large ruminants and limited studies conducted on transboundary livestock movements. Several reports were available on the FMD National Surveillance and Control Program implemented by NAHPRI-GDAHP.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foot-and-mouth disease Non-Structural Protein seropositivity in cattle and pigs in Cambodia

Kong

Siengsanan-Lamont

Tum

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a contagious transboundary animal disease that causes economic loss and obstacles to international trade. Frequent FMD outbreaks in Cambodia negatively impact farmers and smallholder incomes. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of FMD Non-Structural Protein (NSP) antibodies, which are indicator antibodies raised during a natural infection rather than those which may be vaccine-derived and analyzed by enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Sample collection from cattle and pigs (n=2,238) was performed at ten abattoirs in seven provinces between October 2019 and December 2020. Overall seroprevalence in cattle and pigs was 43.2% (n=839) and 0.6% (n=1,399) respectively. In cattle, the abattoir with the highest seroprevalence was in Battambang (54.5%, n=110), followed by the abattoirs in Siem Reap at 52.3% (n=109), Prey Veng 45.1% (n=31), Phnom Penh 40.2% (n=547) and Takeo 37.5% (n=32). For pig samples, all 9 FMD NSP sero-reactors were detected only in two provinces, namely Takeo at 1.0% (n=191) and Phnom Penh at abattoirs Boeng Salang (0.4%; n=245), Damnak Thum (1.6%; n=185), and Trea Boun (1%; n=295). The seropositive pigs originated from Kampong Speu (0.8%; 5/603) and Thailand (1.6%; 4/250). Only the cattle dataset was included in the risk factor analysis as the prevalence of sero-reactors was too low in the pig dataset to be analysed. Significant risk factors identified by the logistic regression model included province of origin (p=0.02), body condition score (BCS) (p=0.0002) and sex (p=0.0007). Odds ratios of the significant risk factors were 7.05 (95%CI 1.43-34.67; p=0.02) for cattle that originated from Kampong Thom, 1.41 (95%CI 1.05-1.89; p=0.02) for female cattle, and 3.28 (95% CI 1.06-10.12; p=0.04) for animals with BCS of 3/5. Conclusions: The study revealed that the seroprevalence of FMD NSP in cattle presenting at the abattoirs was high, while the FMD NSP seroprevalence in abattoir pigs was very low. Further investigation is required to map the disease distribution in Cambodia, especially the serotypes and strains causing clinical disease. These findings call for the extension of work on effective disease prevention measures, such as vaccination, early outbreak detection and movement restriction during outbreaks.

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“…Similarly, in Vietnam, one of the highest pig producing countries in Southeast Asia (SEA), a high sero-prevalence of H1N1pdm09 was found (Baudon et al, 2015). Other countries in southeast Asia such as Malaysia and Cambodia reported serologic evidence of SIV subtype H1N1 and H3N2 circulating in the swine population prior the introduction of H1N1pdm09 (Suriya et al, 2008;Netrabukkana et al, 2015). Myanmar and Laos have no data on SIVs (Trevennec et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interspecies Transmission and Serological Study of Current Reassortant Swine Influenza Viruses After the Introduction of Pandemic H1n1 2009 in Thailand

Arunorat

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Interspecies transmission is one of the most interesting aspects for influenza A virus (IAV) research since the virus is able to infect multi-host species, especially, for three main important hosts including human, avian and swine. In 2009, pandemic H1N1 (H1N1pdm09) emerged and caused infection in both humans and pigs worldwide. The virus origin came from the reassortant between two swine influenza viruses (SIVs) and later, found circulated in pig population since 2010 in many parts of the world. In this study, the pathogenesis of H1N1pdm09 and its reassortant viruses using domestic ducks and the use of human influenza vaccines against H1N1pdm09 and its reassortant viruses of swine origin were investigated. The results demonstrated that H1N1pdm09 and its reassortant viruses could infect experimental ducks showing asymptomatic to mild clinical signs with small amount of virus shedding. This suggested that ducks could be one of the H1N1pdm09 reservoirs. Surveillance program of IAV in ducks is of importance. Additionally, current human influenza vaccines could protect only H1N1pdm09 and H1pdm reassortant viruses. The studied vaccines, however, did not completely protect all SIVs and reassortants of H1N1pdm09 origin. The finding data benefited human vaccine development and future plan. Moreover, the SIV surveillance data during 2012-2014 showed that SIV status in Thailand had changed after the H1N1pdm09 introduction. SIV serological assay especially for HI test was also investigated. The data showed that H1N1dpm09 has become endemic in the Thai pig population and should be added into the routine reference viruses for serological study. In conclusion, after the emergence of H1N1pdm09 in Thailand, multi-species influenza active surveillance is necessary for getting up to date influenza status, vaccine strategy and prevention among interspecies transmission.

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Epidemiological Analysis of Influenza A Infection in Cambodian Pigs and Recommendations for Surveillance Strategies

Cited by 5 publications

References 32 publications

Influenza A Virus in Backyard Pigs and Poultry in Rural Cambodia

Influenza A Virus in Backyard Pigs and Poultry in Rural Cambodia

Foot-and-mouth disease Non-Structural Protein seropositivity in cattle and pigs in Cambodia

Interspecies Transmission and Serological Study of Current Reassortant Swine Influenza Viruses After the Introduction of Pandemic H1n1 2009 in Thailand

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