Epidemiologic Responses to Anthrax Outbreaks: A Review of Field Investigations, 1950–2001

Bales, Michael E.; Dannenberg, Andrew L.; Brachman, Philip S.; Kaufmann, Arnold F.; Klatsky, Peter C.; Ashford, David A.

doi:10.3201/eid0810.020223

Cited by 70 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…1,6 Anthrax has a high fatality rate in herbivores and other susceptible hosts, with animal death being the final outcome in most cases. 1,7,9,10 Susceptibility and high fatality has been reported in cattle, sheep, goats, horses, donkeys, pigs, and many warm-blooded domestic animals. Wildlife with high rates of disease include antelope, bison, gazelles, impalas, elephants, and hippopotami.…”

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confidence: 99%

Risk Factors Associated with Anthrax Outbreak in Animals in North Dakota, 2005: A Retrospective Case-Control Study

et al. 2008

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SYNOPSISObjective. We identified the risk factors associated with the anthrax outbreak of 2005 in animals in North Dakota.Methods. Medical records of the 2005 anthrax outbreak were obtained from the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at North Dakota State University. Additional data were obtained from the North Dakota state veterinarian's office, and supplemental questionnaires were administered to producers. The data obtained included ecological and environmental factors, animal health factors, and management factors.Results. Anthrax occurred from July 1 to October 12, 2005. The cases were located in eastern North Dakota around the Red River Basin. Ransom, LaMoure, and Barnes counties reported most cases (71%). Species affected included cattle, bison, horses, sheep, elk, deer, pigs, and llamas. The predominant symptom was sudden death (38%) followed by bleeding from orifices (17%). Chi-square analysis indicated significant differences between case and control premises on the following variables: death reported on neighboring pasture, vaccination period, dry conditions, wet conditions, antibiotic use, multiple vaccination, and type of predator (coyote). Factors that significantly (p,0.05) predicted anthrax occurrences on the final logistic regression model were vaccination, use of antibiotics during an outbreak, and period of vaccine administration (before or during the outbreak).Conclusions. The characteristics of the anthrax outbreak regarding time and place of occurrence, animals affected, clinical signs reported, and mortality rate were consistent with previous reports of natural anthrax outbreaks in animals. A number of factors that significantly predicted anthrax occurrence in animals in the 2005 outbreak in North Dakota were identified. This information is important in planning appropriate control and prevention measures for anthrax, including recommending the right vaccination and treatment regimens in managing future anthrax outbreaks.

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Risk Factors Associated with Anthrax Outbreak in Animals in North Dakota, 2005: A Retrospective Case-Control Study

et al. 2008

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“…Bacillus anthracis spore decontamination has been important both historically and more recently in relation to bioterrorism (3,6). Improved methods for B. anthracis decontamination could be especially useful to bioterrorism response teams.…”

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Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis Spores by Liquid Biocides in the Presence of Food Residue

Hilgren

Swanson

Diez-Gonzalez

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Biocide inactivation of Bacillus anthracis spores in the presence of food residues after a 10-min treatment time was investigated. Spores of nonvirulent Bacillus anthracis strains 7702, ANR-1, and 9131 were mixed with water, flour paste, whole milk, or egg yolk emulsion and dried onto stainless-steel carriers. The carriers were exposed to various concentrations of peroxyacetic acid, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), or hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) for 10 min at 10, 20, or 30°C, after which time the survivors were quantified. The relationship between peroxyacetic acid concentration, H 2 O 2 concentration, and spore inactivation followed a sigmoid curve that was accurately described using a four-parameter logistic model. At 20°C, the minimum concentrations of peroxyacetic acid, H 2 O 2 , and NaOCl (as total available chlorine) predicted to inactivate 6 log 10 CFU of B. anthracis spores with no food residue present were 1.05, 23.0, and 0.78%, respectively. At 10°C, sodium hypochlorite at 5% total available chlorine did not inactivate more than 4 log 10 CFU. The presence of the food residues had only a minimal effect on peroxyacetic acid and H 2 O 2 sporicidal efficacy, but the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite was markedly inhibited by whole-milk and egg yolk residues. Sodium hypochlorite at 5% total available chlorine provided no greater than a 2-log 10 CFU reduction when spores were in the presence of egg yolk residue. This research provides new information regarding the usefulness of peroxygen biocides for B. anthracis spore inactivation when food residue is present. This work also provides guidance for adjusting decontamination procedures for food-soiled and cold surfaces.

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“…West Africa is the most affected area of the world (Davies 1982;Hugh-Jones 1999). Anthrax remains a significant problem in other parts of Africa, Central America, Spain, Greece, Turkey, Albania, Romania, Central Asia, and the Middle East (Bales et al 2002;Cieslak and Eitzen 1999;Hugh-Jones 1999;Kaya et al 2002;Schmidt and Kaufman 2002).…”

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confidence: 97%

The Seminal Literature of Anthrax Research

Kostoff

Morse

Öncü

2007

Critical Reviews in Microbiology

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A chronically weak area in research papers, reports, and reviews is the complete identification of seminal background documents that formed the building blocks for these papers. A method for systematically determining these seminal references is presented. Citation-Assisted Background (CAB) is based on the assumption that seminal documents tend to be highly cited. Application of CAB to the field of Anthrax research is presented. While CAB is a highly systematic approach for identifying seminal references, it is not a substitute for the judgment of the researchers, and serves as a supplement.

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Epidemiologic Responses to Anthrax Outbreaks: A Review of Field Investigations, 1950–2001

Cited by 70 publications

References 18 publications

Risk Factors Associated with Anthrax Outbreak in Animals in North Dakota, 2005: A Retrospective Case-Control Study

Risk Factors Associated with Anthrax Outbreak in Animals in North Dakota, 2005: A Retrospective Case-Control Study

Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis Spores by Liquid Biocides in the Presence of Food Residue

The Seminal Literature of Anthrax Research

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