Epidemiologic and Field Observations on Avian Influenza in Minnesota Turkeys

Kleven, S. H.; Nelson, Robert C.; Deshmukh, D. R.; Moulthrop, James I.

doi:10.2307/1588566

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Since LPAI viruses isolated from turkeys are associated with severe clinical symptoms (Jimenez-Bluhm et al, 2019;Kleven, Nelson & Deshmukh, 1970;Reid et al, 2016;Zanella, Dall'Ara & Martino, 2001), the differential induction of clinical signs and pathological lesions between CKPA and TKMN viruses in this study is unlikely due to differences in adaptation in turkeys. This needs to be investigated further.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Nevertheless, the more severe induction of bursal atrophy by the TKMN virus corresponded with reduction of HI antibodies, suggesting that, like the infectious bursal disease virus ( Withers, Young & Davison, 2005 ), LPAI viruses may suppress systemic antibody responses in turkeys by destroying bursal follicles resulting in B-cells depletion. Since LPAI viruses isolated from turkeys are associated with severe clinical symptoms ( Jimenez-Bluhm et al, 2019 ; Kleven, Nelson & Deshmukh, 1970 ; Reid et al, 2016 ; Zanella, Dall’Ara & Martino, 2001 ), the differential induction of clinical signs and pathological lesions between CKPA and TKMN viruses in this study is unlikely due to differences in adaptation in turkeys. This needs to be investigated further.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Turkeys are highly susceptible to HPAI and LPAI viruses of different origins including wild birds, domestic birds, swine, and humans ( Morales et al, 2009 ; Pantin-Jackwood et al, 2017 ; Pillai et al, 2010b ; Sjurseth et al, 2017 ; Slomka et al, 2018 ) and, therefore, can promote generation of novel reassortant viruses of unknown pathogenicity. Furthermore, commercial turkey flocks infected with LPAI viruses often show increased mortalities, clinical signs such as respiratory distress and sinusitis, and poor production performance ( Jimenez-Bluhm et al, 2019 ; Kleven, Nelson & Deshmukh, 1970 ; Reid et al, 2016 ; Zanella, Dall’Ara & Martino, 2001 ). Several controlled studies have demonstrated that the infectivity, transmissibility, and pathogenicity of LPAI virus in turkeys are strain dependent, with some strains being more virulent than others ( Laudert et al, 1993 ; Morales et al, 2009 ; Pantin-Jackwood et al, 2017 ; Slomka et al, 2018 ; Spackman et al, 2010 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influenza A virus infection in turkeys induces respiratory and enteric bacterial dysbiosis correlating with cytokine gene expression

Ngunjiri

Taylor

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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Turkey respiratory and gut microbiota play important roles in promoting health and production performance. Loss of microbiota homeostasis due to pathogen infection can worsen the disease or predispose the bird to infection by other pathogens. While turkeys are highly susceptible to influenza viruses of different origins, the impact of influenza virus infection on turkey gut and respiratory microbiota has not been demonstrated. In this study, we investigated the relationships between low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus replication, cytokine gene expression, and respiratory and gut microbiota disruption in specific-pathogen-free turkeys. Differential replication of two LPAI H5N2 viruses paralleled the levels of clinical signs and cytokine gene expression. During active virus shedding, there was significant increase of ileal and nasal bacterial contents, which inversely corresponded with bacterial species diversity. Spearman’s correlation tests between bacterial abundance and local viral titers revealed that LPAI virus-induced dysbiosis was strongest in the nasal cavity followed by trachea, and weakest in the gut. Significant correlations were also observed between cytokine gene expression levels and relative abundances of several bacteria in tracheas of infected turkeys. For example, interferon γ/λ and interleukin-6 gene expression levels were correlated positively with Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas abundances, and negatively with Lactobacillus abundance. Overall, our data suggest a potential relationship where bacterial community diversity and enrichment or depletion of several bacterial genera in the gut and respiratory tract are dependent on the level of LPAI virus replication. Further work is needed to establish whether respiratory and enteric dysbiosis in LPAI virus-infected turkeys is a result of host immunological responses or other causes such as changes in nutritional uptake.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Influenza A virus infection in turkeys induces respiratory and enteric bacterial dysbiosis correlating with cytokine gene expression

Ngunjiri

Taylor

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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The pathogenesis of H7N8 low and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses from the United States 2016 outbreak in chickens, turkeys and mallards

et al. 2017

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In January 2016, a combined outbreak of highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza virus (AIV) and low pathogenicity (LP) AIV occurred in commercial turkeys in the state of Indiana, United States. Genetically, the viruses were highly similar, belonged to the North American wild bird lineage, and had not been previously detected in poultry. In order to understand the pathobiology of the H7N8 LPAIV and HPAIV, infectivity, transmission and pathogenicity studies were conducted in chickens, turkeys, and mallards. Among the three species the lowest mean infectious dose for both the LP and HP phenotype was for turkeys, and also disease from the LPAIV was only observed with turkeys. Furthermore, although the HPAIV was lethal for both chickens and turkeys, clinical signs caused by the HPAIV isolate differed between the two species; neurological signs were only observed in turkeys. Mallards could be infected with and transmit both viruses to contacts, but neither caused clinical disease. Interestingly, with all three species, the mean infectious dose of the HP isolate was at least ten times lower than that of the LP isolate. This study corroborates the high susceptibility of turkeys to AIV as well as a pathobiology that is different from chickens. Further, this study demonstrates that mallards can be asymptomatically infected with HP and LP AIV from gallinaceous poultry and may not just be involved in transmitting AIV to them.

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The Risk of Highly Pathogenic Influenza A Virus Transmission to Turkey Hen Flocks Through Artificial Insemination

et al. 2021

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Epidemiologic and Field Observations on Avian Influenza in Minnesota Turkeys

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Influenza A virus infection in turkeys induces respiratory and enteric bacterial dysbiosis correlating with cytokine gene expression

Influenza A virus infection in turkeys induces respiratory and enteric bacterial dysbiosis correlating with cytokine gene expression

The pathogenesis of H7N8 low and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses from the United States 2016 outbreak in chickens, turkeys and mallards

The Risk of Highly Pathogenic Influenza A Virus Transmission to Turkey Hen Flocks Through Artificial Insemination

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