Epidemic Strain of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus from a Vampire Bat Captured in Oaxaca, Mexico, 1970

Correa-Giron, P.; Calisher, Charles H.; Baer, George M.

doi:10.1126/science.175.4021.546

Cited by 22 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The five VEEV‐seropositive species were all first reports for Trinidad, but similar findings have been previously reported in Brazil, Guatemala and Mexico (Scherer et al., ; Correa‐Giron et al., ; Calisher et al., ; Ubico and McLean, ). A significantly higher percentage of VEEV‐seropositive bats roosted in close association with people (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Seroepidemiology of Selected Alphaviruses and Flaviviruses in Bats in Trinidad

Thompson

Auguste

Rosa

et al. 2014

Zoonoses and Public Health

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A serosurvey of antibodies against selected flaviviruses and alphaviruses in 384 bats (representing 10 genera and 14 species) was conducted in the Caribbean island of Trinidad. Sera were analysed using epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) specific for antibodies against West Nile virus (WNV), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), all of which are zoonotic viruses of public health significance in the region. Overall, the ELISAs resulted in the detection of VEEV-specific antibodies in 11 (2.9%) of 384 bats. Antibodies to WNV and EEEV were not detected in any sera. Of the 384 sera, 308 were also screened using hemagglutination inhibition assay (HIA) for antibodies to the aforementioned viruses as well as St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV; which also causes epidemic disease in humans), Rio Bravo virus (RBV), Tamana bat virus (TABV) and western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV). Using this approach, antibodies to TABV and RBV were detected in 47 (15.3%) and 3 (1.0%) bats, respectively. HIA results also suggest the presence of antibodies to an undetermined flavivirus(es) in 8 (2.6%) bats. Seropositivity for TABV was significantly (P<0.05; χ2) associated with bat species, location and feeding preference, and for VEEV with roost type and location. Differences in prevalence rates between urban and rural locations were statistically significant (P<0.05; χ2) for TABV only. None of the aforementioned factors was significantly associated with RBV seropositivity rates.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Seroepidemiology of Selected Alphaviruses and Flaviviruses in Bats in Trinidad

Thompson

Auguste

Rosa

et al. 2014

Zoonoses and Public Health

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“…Since E. helvum cells produced considerable amounts of IFN upon infection with RVFV 13 we investigated in addition the effects of infection with a non-attenuated wild-type RNA virus. The Old World Alphavirus ONNV was chosen because Alphaviruses have been detected previously in bats [44,45] and exhibit strong induction of IFN [46]. Interestingly, Alphaviruses utilize a rather general mechanism to evade IFN, by causing a translational shutoff that affects cellular translation more than viral translation [46][47][48].…”

Section: Ifn Response Upon Wild-type Virus Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Type I Interferon Reaction to Viral Infection in Interferon-Competent, Immortalized Cell Lines from the African Fruit Bat Eidolon helvum

et al. 2011

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Bats harbor several highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses including Rabies, Marburg, and henipaviruses, without overt clinical symptoms in the animals. It has been suspected that bats might have evolved particularly effective mechanisms to suppress viral replication. Here, we investigated interferon (IFN) response, -induction, -secretion and -signaling in epithelial-like cells of the relevant and abundant African fruit bat species, Eidolon helvum (E. helvum). Immortalized cell lines were generated; their potential to induce and react on IFN was confirmed, and biological assays were adapted to application in bat cell cultures, enabling comparison of landmark IFN properties with that of common mammalian cell lines. E. helvum cells were fully capable of reacting to viral and artificial IFN stimuli. E. helvum cells showed highest IFN mRNA induction, highly productive IFN protein secretion, and evidence of efficient IFN stimulated gene induction. In an Alphavirus infection model, O'nyong-nyong virus exhibited strong IFN induction but evaded the IFN response by translational rather than transcriptional shutoff, similar to other Alphavirus infections. These novel IFN-competent cell lines will allow comparative research on zoonotic, bat-borne viruses in order to model mechanisms of viral maintenance and emergence in bat reservoirs.

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“…Horses are efficient amplifying hosts and human infections and outbreaks mostly resulted from equine infections [151]. Several species of bats have serological evidence of infection by the Venezualan equine encephalitis virus in Guatemala and positive viral cultures have been obtained from Carollia perspicillata, Desmodus rotundus and Uroderma bilobatum [152,153,154]. Bats might have been infected through mosquito bites, ingesting infected mosquitoes, or feeding on the blood of viraemic animals in the case of vampire bats.…”

Section: Rhabdoviridaementioning

confidence: 99%

Bats as a continuing source of emerging infections in humans

Wong

Lau

Woo

et al. 2006

Reviews in Medical Virology

281

237

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Amongst the 60 viral species reported to be associated with bats, 59 are RNA viruses, which are potentially important in the generation of emerging and re-emerging infections in humans. The prime examples of these are the lyssaviruses and Henipavirus. The transmission of Nipah, Hendra and perhaps SARS coronavirus and Ebola virus to humans may involve intermediate amplification hosts such as pigs, horses, civets and primates, respectively. Understanding of the natural reservoir or introductory host, the amplifying host, the epidemic centre and at-risk human populations are crucial in the control of emerging zoonosis. The association between the bat coronaviruses and certain lyssaviruses with particular bat species implies co-evolution between specific viruses and bat hosts. Cross-infection between the huge number of bat species may generate new viruses which are able to jump the trans-mammalian species barrier more efficiently. The currently known viruses that have been found in bats are reviewed and the risks of transmission to humans are highlighted. Certain families of bats including the Pteropodidae, Molossidae, Phyllostomidae, and Vespertilionidae are most frequently associated with known human pathogens. A systematic survey of bats is warranted to better understand the ecology of these viruses.

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Epidemic Strain of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus from a Vampire Bat Captured in Oaxaca, Mexico, 1970

Abstract: A vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus, captured in Oaxaca, Mexico, in August 1970, was found to be infected with the epidemic strain of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus at the same time that an equine epizootic was occurring there.

Cited by 22 publications

References 12 publications

Seroepidemiology of Selected Alphaviruses and Flaviviruses in Bats in Trinidad

Seroepidemiology of Selected Alphaviruses and Flaviviruses in Bats in Trinidad

Type I Interferon Reaction to Viral Infection in Interferon-Competent, Immortalized Cell Lines from the African Fruit Bat Eidolon helvum

Bats as a continuing source of emerging infections in humans

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