Epidemic of herpes zoster following HIV epidemic in Manipur, India

Panda, Samiran; Sarkar, Swarup; Mandal, B K; Singh, Th Bhimo; Singh, Khushwant; Mitra, Debashis; Sarkar, Kamalesh; Tripathy, Sarthak; Bc, Deb

doi:10.1016/s0163-4453(94)95620-0

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Cutaneous manifestations were present in 47.14% cases in present study mainly in the form of Scabies, staphylococcal infections and PPE. Lanjewar DN, et al [9] and Panda S, et al [8] In present study maximum cases of recurrent pneumonia and recurrent diarrhea were seen in age group 5-10 years. In our study 2.85% children were HBs Ag positive and one child with Anti HCV positive.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 49%

“…Various studies have shown that pulmonary tuberculosis [4][5][6] and extra pulmonary tuberculosis [7] had been the most common opportunistic infection in our country but in children this trend is changing. Various types of cutaneous manifestations can occur in up to 90% of HIV infected individuals [8]. Scabies and dermatophytes are common conditions in our country [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spectrum of opportunistic infections in HIV infected children in North India

Pandey

Shrivastava

2016

Int J Pediatr Res

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Introduction: Human Immunodeficiency Virus adversely affects the immune system of the body, making a person vulnerable to variety of infections. Usually benign micro organisms become virulent and cause serious illnesses. Such opportunistic infections are very common in HIV infected children. If they are not diagnosed and treated in time they may prove fatal. The pattern of opportunistic infections are changing with time and place. To study the newer pattern of opportunistic infection in HIV infected children, this study was undertaken. Methods: 140 children of both sexes between age 18 months to 15 years, diagnosed HIV positive as per NACO HIV testing guidelines, were included in this study. They were examined, investigated and classified into clinical and immunological staging as per WHO classification. They were investigated for opportunistic infections. Result: Different kinds of skin involvement including scabies, papular pruritic eruptions, seborrhoic dermatitis, pyoderma, herpes zoster, molluscum contagiosum, fungal infections were noted in 47% children. Oropharyngeal candidiasis was also common. Recurrent respiratory tract infection, recurrent diarrhea, urinary tract infection, CSOM, parotid involvement was seen in majority of children. Over all, bacterial infection was seen in 36.4% children, followed by fungal infection in 18.5%, viral infection in 14.3% and tubercular infection in 10% respectively. Several studies have reported tuberculosis as the most common opportunistic infection in HIV infected children, but contrary to this, tuberculosis was the fourth commonest opportunistic infection in our study. Recurrent bacterial infections were the commonest one. Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP), the hallmark of AIDS defining illness in developed world, is not so common in our set up. We found only one probable case of PCP in our study.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 49%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectrum of opportunistic infections in HIV infected children in North India

Pandey

Shrivastava

2016

Int J Pediatr Res

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“…Immunosuppression due to COVID-19 associated treatment with steroid could have further compounded this phenomenon. Noticeably, a similar occurrence of satellite epidemic of herpes zoster was recorded in the early 1990s following HIV epidemic induced immunosuppression among young injection heroin users in the north-eastern state of Manipur bordering Myanmar [ 18 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

A case control investigation of COVID-19 associated mucormycosis in India

Anand

Mukherjee²,

Satija³

et al. 2022

BMC Infect Dis

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Background Increased occurrence of mucormycosis during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic in early 2021 in India prompted us to undertake a multi-site case–control investigation. The objectives were to examine the monthly trend of COVID-19 Associated Mucormycosis (CAM) cases among in-patients and to identify factors associated with development of CAM. Methods Eleven study sites were involved across India; archived records since 1st January 2021 till 30th September 2021 were used for trend analysis. The cases and controls were enrolled during 15th June 2021 to 30th September 2021. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Among 1211 enrolled participants, 336 were CAM cases and 875 were COVID-19 positive non-mucormycosis controls. Results CAM-case admissions reached their peak in May 2021 like a satellite epidemic after a month of in-patient admission peak recorded due to COVID-19. The odds of developing CAM increased with the history of working in a dusty environment (adjusted odds ratio; aOR 3.24, 95% CI 1.34, 7.82), diabetes mellitus (aOR: 31.83, 95% CI 13.96, 72.63), longer duration of hospital stay (aOR: 1.06, 95% CI 1.02, 1.11) and use of methylprednisolone (aOR: 2.71, 95% CI 1.37, 5.37) following adjustment for age, gender, occupation, education, type of houses used for living, requirement of ventilatory support and route of steroid administration. Higher proportion of CAM cases required supplemental oxygen compared to the controls; use of non-rebreather mask (NRBM) was associated as a protective factor against mucormycosis compared to face masks (aOR: 0.18, 95% CI 0.08, 0.41). Genomic sequencing of archived respiratory samples revealed similar occurrences of Delta and Delta derivates of SARS-CoV-2 infection in both cases and controls. Conclusions Appropriate management of hyperglycemia, judicious use of steroids and use of NRBM during oxygen supplementation among COVID-19 patients have the potential to reduce the risk of occurrence of mucormycosis. Avoiding exposure to dusty environment would add to such prevention efforts.

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“…Therefore, zoster is felt to be far less contagious than its varicella counterpart because the virus is believed to be localized to the skin and does not involve the respiratory tract. Nevertheless, zoster has been known to cause epidemics of varicella, 12 and zoster has been stated in one study 13 to be one fourth as contagious as varicella. Moreover, a clinicoepidemiologic characterization of more than 2000 patients inflicted with herpes zoster as a potential source of varicella infections suggested droplet transmission 14 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%