Epidemic giardiasis caused by a contaminated public water supply.

Kent, G. P.; Greenspan, Joel R.; Herndon, Joy L.; Mofenson, Lynne M.; Harris, Jeanette A.; Eng, Thomas R.; Waskin, Hettya .

doi:10.2105/ajph.78.2.139

Cited by 78 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Giardiasis was most prevalent in children with poor water supplies, principally those lacking piped water, although it is known that Giardia survives in chlorinated water 14 . To protect against transmission, all drinking water should receive chemical pretreatment, preferably with sedimentation and filtration in addition to disinfection 25 , and municipal water should be supplied with a concentration of less than 0.7 to 70 cysts per 100 liters 40 ; however in the department of Antioquia, this level of control is not achieved. Table 4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Giardia intestinalis and nutritional status in children participating in the complementary nutrition program, Antioquia, Colombia, May to October 2006

Botero-Garcés

García-Montoya

Grisales-Patiño

et al. 2009

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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SUMMARYGiardia intestinalis infection is prevalent throughout the world and widely distributed in developing countries. In general, children display serious consequences to their state of health, including slow height-weight development; therefore, the main aim of this study was to determine the association between Giardia infection and the nutritional status of children who participate in the program of complementary feeding (Mejoramiento Alimentario y Nutricional de Antioquia (MANA) -Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar (ICBF)). A cross-sectional study examining the association of giardiasis with nutritional status was conducted. A total of 2035 children aged eight months to six years-old were studied. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, anthropometric measurements and laboratory analysis of blood and stool samples. Analysis of the results showed that 27.6% of children were infected with G. intestinalis, while 8.1% and 1.9% were mildly and significantly underweight, respectively, and 14.1% presented stunting. Giardiasis was statistically identified as a strong predictor of stunting in this study population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Giardia intestinalis and nutritional status in children participating in the complementary nutrition program, Antioquia, Colombia, May to October 2006

Botero-Garcés

García-Montoya

Grisales-Patiño

et al. 2009

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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“…Humans represent the main reservoir for giardiasis (American Public Health Association 2000). During giardiasis epidemics associated with water consumption, beavers were also identified as a probable or suspected parasitic reservoir in Canada (Moorehead et al 1990;Isaac-Renton & Philion 1992) and the United States (Dykes et al 1980;Kent et al 1988). However, the status of giardiasis as a zoonosis remains a matter of debate (Vesy & Peterson 1999).…”

Section: Risk Of Giardiasis Associated With Water Supply In An Endemimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Findings have shown that the consumption of either untreated, inadequately treated or simply chlorinated water has been the source of a number of giardiasis epidemics (Kent et al 1988;Ljungstrom & Castor 1992;Isaac-Renton et al 1994). In Quebec, where the disease is essentially endemic, approximately 14% of the population in a municipal distribution system is supplied with surface or well water at risk of contamination and treated by chlorination only.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of giardiasis associated with water supply in an endemic context

Gagnon

Duchesne²,

Lévesque

et al. 2006

International Journal of Environmental Health Research

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Consumption of untreated, inadequately treated or simply chlorinated water has been the source of a number of giardiasis epidemics. The aim of this study was to verify if water supply is associated with giardiasis in an endemic context. We conducted a case-control study that included 139 cases and 417 control subjects. To assess risk associated to water consumption, we calculated odds ratios (OR) using "source of water" and "presence and type of filtration" as criteria. A logistic regression model was used to control other risk factors. In children aged 1 - 13, the only significant risk factor was the consumption of at-risk tap water (i.e., filtered or unfiltered surface water or unfiltered shallow well water; OR = 6.13). In people aged 14 - 64, the consumption of this water was not a risk factor for the disease. The divergence in results between age groups could be explained by acquired immunity.

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“…22 Disease outbreaks related to the contamination of water supplies by G. lamblia have been reported in several regions of the United States. [23][24][25] Kent et al found that animal fecal waste in areas surrounding one reservoir tested high for Giardia cysts and concluded that contaminated fecal waste in close proximity to a major water supply could have been the cause of an outbreak of giardiasis. 24 Outbreaks of giardiasis have also resulted from flooding, heavy water runoff due to warm weather, and seasonal changes leading to the melting of ice and snow.…”

Section: Effects Of Hurricane Floydmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medicaid Outpatient Utilization for Waterborne Pathogenic Illness following Hurricane Floyd

Setzer

Domino

2004

Public Health Rep

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SYNOPSISObjectives. Flooding provides an opportunity for epidemics of waterborne viral, protozoan, or bacterial diseases to develop in affected areas. Epidemic levels of disease may translate into higher than average levels of health services use, depending in part on help-seeking behaviors. The authors investigated whether the flooding that occurred as a result of Hurricane Floyd in September 1999 was associated with an increase in outpatient visits for waterborne diseases among Medicaid enrollees in eastern North Carolina.Methods. Using a difference-in-differences estimation technique, the authors examined the change in outpatient visits by North Carolina Medicaid enrollees for selected waterborne diseases following the hurricane. The study focused on counties with high concentrations of hog farming that were mildly/moderately or severely affected by the hurricane, using unaffected counties and the year before the hurricane as controls.Results. Small increases in Medicaid-covered outpatient visits were found in severely affected counties for two of the six pathogens selected for analysis, relative to unaffected counties. Larger increases in visits were found for nonspecific intestinal infections in both severely and moderately affected counties following the hurricane, relative to unaffected counties.Conclusions. The large increase in visits for ill-defined intestinal infection is noteworthy. The relative lack of increase in visits with specific pathogenic diagnoses may be attributable, at least in part, to a number of factors, including incomplete diagnostic information provided by treating clinicians, low treatment-seeking behavior, and use of non-Medicaid-funded emergency services.

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Epidemic giardiasis caused by a contaminated public water supply.

Cited by 78 publications

References 10 publications

Giardia intestinalis and nutritional status in children participating in the complementary nutrition program, Antioquia, Colombia, May to October 2006

Giardia intestinalis and nutritional status in children participating in the complementary nutrition program, Antioquia, Colombia, May to October 2006

Risk of giardiasis associated with water supply in an endemic context

Medicaid Outpatient Utilization for Waterborne Pathogenic Illness following Hurricane Floyd

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